Novel gene disruptions, compositions and methods relating thereto

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to transgenic animals, as well as compositions and methods relating to the characterization of gene function. Specifically, the present invention provides transgenic mice comprising disruptions in PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 genes. Such in vivo studies and characterizations may provide valuable identification and discovery of therapeutics and/or treatments useful in the prevention, amelioration or correction of diseases or dysfunctions associated with gene disruptions such as neurological disorders; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders; eye abnormalities; immunological disorders; oncological disorders; bone metabolic abnormalities or disorders; lipid metabolic disorders; or developmental abnormalities.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions, including transgenic and knockout animals and methods of using such compositions for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Extracellular proteins play important roles in, among other things, the formation, differentiation and maintenance of multicellular organisms. The fate of many individual cells, e.g., proliferation, migration, differentiation, or interaction with other cells, is typically governed by information received from other cells and/or the immediate environment. This information is often transmitted by secreted polypeptides (for instance, mitogenic factors, survival factors, cytotoxic factors, differentiation factors, neuropeptides, and hormones) which are, in turn, received and interpreted by diverse cell receptors or membrane-bound proteins. These secreted polypeptides or signaling molecules normally pass through the cellular secretory pathway to reach their site of action in the extracellular environment.

Secreted proteins have various industrial applications, including as pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, biosensors and bioreactors. Most protein drugs available at present, such as thrombolytic agents, interferons, interleukins, erythropoietins, colony stimulating factors, and various other cytokines, are secretory proteins. Their receptors, which are membrane proteins, also have potential as therapeutic or diagnostic agents. Efforts are being undertaken by both industry and academia to identify new, native secreted proteins. Many efforts are focused on the screening of mammalian recombinant DNA libraries to identify the coding sequences for novel secreted proteins. Examples of screening methods and techniques are described in the literature [see, for example, Klein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:7108-7113 (1996); U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,637)].

Membrane-bound proteins and receptors can play important roles in, among other things, the formation, differentiation and maintenance of multicellular organisms. The fate of many individual cells, e.g., proliferation, migration, differentiation, or interaction with other cells, is typically governed by information received from other cells and/or the immediate environment. This information is often transmitted by secreted polypeptides (for instance, mitogenic factors, survival factors, cytotoxic factors, differentiation factors, neuropeptides, and hormones) which are, in turn, received and interpreted by diverse cell receptors or membrane-bound proteins. Such membrane-bound proteins and cell receptors include, but are not limited to, cytokine receptors, receptor kinases, receptor phosphatases, receptors involved in cell-cell interactions, and cellular adhesion molecules like selectins and integrins. For instance, transduction of signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation is regulated in part by phosphorylation of various cellular proteins. Protein tyrosine kinases, enzymes that catalyze that process, can also act as growth factor receptors. Examples include fibroblast growth factor receptor and nerve growth factor receptor.

Membrane-bound proteins and receptor molecules have various industrial applications, including as pharmaceutical and diagnostic agents. Receptor immuno-adhesions, for instance, can be employed as therapeutic agents to block receptor-ligand interactions. The membrane-bound proteins can also be employed for screening of potential peptide or small molecule inhibitors of the relevant receptor/ligand interaction.

Efforts are being undertaken by both industry and academia to identify new, native receptor or membrane-bound proteins. Many efforts are focused on the screening of mammalian recombinant DNA libraries to identify the coding sequences for novel receptor or membrane-bound proteins.

Given the importance of secreted and membrane-bound proteins in biological and disease processes, in vivo studies and characterizations may provide valuable identification and discovery of therapeutics and/or treatments useful in the prevention, amelioration or correction of diseases or dysfunctions. In this regard, genetically engineered mice have proven to be invaluable tools for the functional dissection of biological processes relevant to human disease, including immunology, cancer, neuro-biology, cardiovascular biology, obesity and many others. Gene knockouts can be viewed as modeling the biological mechanism of drug action by presaging the activity of highly specific antagonists in vivo. Knockout mice have been shown to model drug activity; phenotypes of mice deficient for specific pharmaceutical target proteins can resemble the human clinical phenotype caused by the corresponding antagonist drug. Gene knockouts enable the discovery of the mechanism of action of the target, the predominant physiological role of the target, and mechanism-based side-effects that might result from inhibition of the target in mammals. Examples of this type include mice deficient in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) [Esther, C. R. et al., Lab. Invest., 74:953-965 (1996)] and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX 1) genes [Langenbach, R. et al., Cell, 83:483-492 (1995)]. Conversely, knocking the gene out in the mouse can have an opposite phenotypic effect to that observed in humans after administration of an agonist drug to the corresponding target. Examples include the erythropoietin knockout [Wu, C. S. et al., Cell, 83:59-67 (1996)], in which a consequence of the mutation is deficient red blood cell production, and the GABA(A)-R-β3 knockout [DeLorey, T. M., J. Neurosci., 18:8505-8514 (1998)], in which the mutant mice show hyperactivity and hyper-responsiveness. Both these phenotypes are opposite to the effects of erythropoietin and benzodiazepine administration in humans. A striking example of a target validated using mouse genetics is the ACC2 gene. Although the human ACC2 gene had been identified several years ago, interest in ACC2 as a target for drug development was stimulated only recently after analysis of ACC2 function using a knockout mouse. ACC2 mutant mice eat more than their wild-type littermates, yet burn more fat and store less fat in their adipocytes, making this enzyme a probable target for chemical antagonism in the treatment of obesity [Abu-Elheiga, L. et al., Science, 291:2613-2616 (2001)].

In the instant application, mutated gene disruptions have resulted in phenotypic observations related to various disease conditions or dysfunctions including: CNS/neurological disturbances or disorders such as anxiety; eye abnormalities and associated diseases; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders including atherosclerosis; abnormal metabolic disorders including diabetes and dyslipidemias associated with elevated serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels; immunological and inflammatory disorders; oncological disorders; bone metabolic abnormalities or disorders such as arthritis, osteoporosis and osteopetrosis; or a developmental disease such as embryonic lethality.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A. Embodiments

The invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

In one aspect, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 97% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 98% nucleic acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% nucleic acid sequence identity to (a) a DNA molecule encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide having a full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, an amino acid sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other specifically defined fragment of the full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, or (b) the complement of the DNA molecule of (a).

In other aspects, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 97% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 98% nucleic acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% nucleic acid sequence identity to (a) a DNA molecule comprising the coding sequence of a full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide cDNA as disclosed herein, the coding sequence of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, the coding sequence of an extracellular domain of a transmembrane PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or the coding sequence of any other specifically defined fragment of the full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, or (b) the complement of the DNA molecule of (a).

In a further aspect, the invention concerns an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 97% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 98% nucleic acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% nucleic acid sequence identity to (a) a DNA molecule that encodes the same mature polypeptide encoded by any of the human protein cDNAs deposited with the ATCC as disclosed herein, or (b) the complement of the DNA molecule of (a).

Another aspect of the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide which is either transmembrane domain-deleted or transmembrane domain-inactivated, or is complementary to such encoding nucleotide sequence, wherein the transmembrane domain(s) of such polypeptide are disclosed herein. Therefore, soluble extracellular domains of the herein described PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides are contemplated.

The invention also provides fragments of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide coding sequence, or the complement thereof, that may find use as, for example, hybridization probes, for encoding fragments of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide that may optionally encode a polypeptide comprising a binding site for an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody or as antisense oligonucleotide probes. Such nucleic acid fragments usually are or are at least about 10 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 15 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 20 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 30 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 40 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 50 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 60 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 70 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 80 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 90 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 100 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 110 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 120 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 130 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 140 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 150 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 160 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 170 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 180 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 190 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 200 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 250 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 300 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 350 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 400 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 450 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 500 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 600 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 700 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 800 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 900 nucleotides in length and alternatively are or are at least about 1000 nucleotides in length, wherein in this context the term “about” means the referenced nucleotide sequence length plus or minus 10% of that referenced length. It is noted that novel fragments of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence may be determined in a routine manner by aligning the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence with other known nucleotide sequences using any of a number of well known sequence alignment programs and determining which PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence fragment(s) are novel. All of such PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequences are contemplated herein. Also contemplated are the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide fragments encoded by these nucleotide molecule fragments, preferably those PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide fragments that comprise a binding site for an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention provides isolated PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides encoded by any of the isolated nucleic acid sequences hereinabove identified.

In a certain aspect, the invention concerns an isolated PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 97% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 98% amino acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% amino acid sequence identity to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide having a full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, an amino acid sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other specifically defined fragment of the full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein.

In a further aspect, the invention concerns an isolated PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 97% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 98% amino acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence encoded by any of the human protein cDNAs deposited with the ATCC as disclosed herein.

In one aspect, the invention concerns PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polypeptides which are or are at least about 10 amino acids in length, alternatively are or are at least about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600 amino acids in length, or more. Optionally, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polypeptides will have or have no more than one conservative amino acid substitution as compared to the native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence, alternatively will have or will have no more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 conservative amino acid substitution as compared to the native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence.

In a specific aspect, the invention provides an isolated PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide without the N-terminal signal sequence and/or the initiating methionine and is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that encodes such an amino acid sequence as hereinbefore described. Processes for producing the same are also herein described, wherein those processes comprise culturing a host cell comprising a vector which comprises the appropriate encoding nucleic acid molecule under conditions suitable for expression of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and recovering the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide from the cell culture.

Another aspect the invention provides an isolated PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide which is either transmembrane domain-deleted or transmembrane domain-inactivated. Processes for producing the same are also herein described, wherein those processes comprise culturing a host cell comprising a vector which comprises the appropriate encoding nucleic acid molecule under conditions suitable for expression of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and recovering the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide from the cell culture.

The invention provides agonists and antagonists of a native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as defined herein. In particular, the agonist or antagonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody or a small molecule.

The invention provides a method of identifying agonists or antagonists to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide which comprise contacting the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide with a candidate molecule and monitoring a biological activity mediated by said PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Preferably, the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide is a native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

The invention provides a composition of matter comprising a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, or an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as herein described, or an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody, in combination with a carrier. Optionally, the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention provides the use of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, or an agonist or antagonist thereof as hereinbefore described, or an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody, for the preparation of a medicament useful in the treatment of a condition which is responsive to the anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention provides vectors comprising DNA encoding any of the herein described polypeptides. Host cell comprising any such vector are also provided. By way of example, the host cells may be CHO cells, E. coli, or yeast. A process for producing any of the herein described polypeptides is further provided and comprises culturing host cells under conditions suitable for expression of the desired polypeptide and recovering the desired polypeptide from the cell culture.

The invention provides chimeric molecules comprising any of the herein described polypeptides fused to a heterologous polypeptide or amino acid sequence. Example of such chimeric molecules comprise any of the herein described polypeptides fused to an epitope tag sequence or a Fc region of an immunoglobulin.

The invention provides an antibody which binds, preferably specifically, to any of the above or below described polypeptides. Optionally, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, humanized antibody, antibody fragment or single-chain antibody.

The invention provides oligonucleotide probes which may be useful for isolating genomic and cDNA nucleotide sequences, measuring or detecting expression of an associated gene or as antisense probes, wherein those probes may be derived from any of the above or below described nucleotide sequences. Preferred probe lengths are described above.

The invention also provides a method of identifying a phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) measuring a physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal; and

(c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic of the wild-type animal is identified as a phenotype resulting from the gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal. In one aspect, the non-human transgenic animal is a mammal. In another aspect, the mammal is a rodent. In still another aspect, the mammal is a rat or a mouse. In one aspect, the non-human transgenic animal is heterozygous for the disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In another aspect, the phenotype exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal as compared with gender matched wild-type littermates is at least one of the following: a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality.

In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder includes depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Such neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, social anxiety, autism, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, monopolar disorders, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder, enhancement of cognitive function, loss of cognitive function associated with but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or traumatic injury to the brain, seizures resulting from disease or injury including but not limited to epilepsy, learning disorders/disabilities, cerebral palsy. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

In another aspect, the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. In still another aspect, the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. In yet another aspect, the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa or is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia.

In still another aspect, the retinal abnormalities are consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.

In still another aspect, the eye abnormality is a cataract. In still yet another aspect, the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallennan-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome.

In still another aspect, the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability.

In still yet another aspect, the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis.

In still another aspect, the immunological disorders are consistent with systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.

In still another aspect, the bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia or osteopetrosis.

In another aspect, the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean serum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean serum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); de creased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality.

The invention also provides an isolated cell derived from a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In one aspect, the isolated cell is a murine cell. In yet another aspect, the murine cell is an embryonic stem cell. In still another aspect, the isolated cell is derived from a non-human transgenic animal which exhibits at least one of the following phenotypes compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality. The invention also provides a method of identifying an agent that modulates a phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) measuring a physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal of (a);

(c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic of the wild-type animal is identified as a phenotype resulting from the gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal;

(d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and

(e) determining whether the test agent modulates the identified phenotype associated with gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal.

In one aspect, the phenotype associated with the gene disruption comprises a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality.

In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder includes depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Such neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, social anxiety, autism, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, monopolar disorders, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder, enhancement of cognitive function, loss of cognitive function associated with but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or traumatic injury to the brain, seizures resulting from disease or injury including but not limited to epilepsy, learning disorders/disabilities, cerebral palsy. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

In yet another aspect, the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. In still another aspect, the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. In yet another aspect, the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa or is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia.

In still another aspect, the retinal abnormalities are consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.

In still another aspect, the cyc abnormality is a cataract. In still yet another aspect, the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism, or Conradi syndrome.

In still another aspect, the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability.

In still another aspect, the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis.

In still another aspect, the immunological disorders are consistent with systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.

In yet another aspect, the bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia or osteopetrosis.

In another aspect, the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean serum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean scrum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular hone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality.

The invention also provides an agent which modulates the phenotype associated with gene disruption. In one aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. In still another aspect, the antagonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention also provides a method of identifying an agent that modulates a physiological characteristic associated with a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) measuring a physiological characteristic exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal of (a);

(c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic exhibited by the wild-type animal is identified as a physiological characteristic associated with gene disruption;

(d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and

(e) determining whether the physiological characteristic associated with gene disruption is modulated.

In one aspect, the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type

In another aspect, the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean scrum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean serum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; de creased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased hone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality.

The invention also provides an agent that modulates a physiological characteristic which is associated with gene disruption. In one aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of the phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. In still another aspect, the antagonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention also provides a method of identifying an agent which modulates a behavior associated with a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) observing the behavior exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal of (a);

(c) comparing the observed behavior of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the observed behavior exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the observed behavior exhibited by the wild-type animal is identified as a behavior associated with gene disruption;

(d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and

(e) determining whether the agent modulates the behavior associated with gene disruption.

In one aspect, the observed behavior is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the observed behavior is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the observed behavior is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. In yet another aspect, the observed behavior is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the observed behavior is impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the observed behavior includes depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Such disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, social anxiety, autism, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, monopolar disorders, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder, enhancement of cognitive function, loss of cognitive function associated with but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or traumatic injury to the brain, seizures resulting from disease or injury including but not limited to epilepsy, learning disorders/disabilities, cerebral palsy. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histionic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

The invention also provides an agent that modulates a behavior which is associated with gene disruption. In one aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of the phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. In still another aspect, the antagonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention also provides a method of identifying an agent that ameliorates or modulates a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an ontological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality associated with a disruption in the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) administering a test agent to said non-human transgenic animal; and

(c) determining whether the test agent ameliorates or modulates the neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; eye abnormality; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; lipid metabolic disorder; or developmental abnormality associated with the gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal.

In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder includes depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Such neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, social anxiety, autism, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, monopolar disorders, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder, enhancement of cognitive function, loss of cognitive function associated with but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or traumatic injury to the brain, seizures resulting from disease or injury including but not limited to epilepsy, learning disorders/disabilities, cerebral palsy. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

In another aspect, the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. In still another aspect, the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. In yet another aspect, the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa or is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia.

In still another aspect, the retinal abnormalities the retinal abnormalities are consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.

In still another aspect, the eye abnormality is a cataract. In still yet another aspect, the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism, or Conradi syndrome.

In still another aspect, the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability.

In yet another aspect, the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis.

In still yet another aspect, the immunological disorders are consistent with systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, F and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.

In yet another aspect, the bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia or osteopetrosis.

In another aspect, the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean scrum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean serum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality.

The invention also provides an agent that ameliorates or modulates a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunologic al disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality which is associated with gene disruption. In one aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of the phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. In still another aspect, the antagonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention also provides a therapeutic agent for the treatment of a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an cyc abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality.

The invention also provides a method of identifying an agent that modulates the expression of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) contacting a test agent with a host cell expressing a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide; and

(b) determining whether the test agent modulates the expression of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide by the host cell.

The invention also provides an agent that modulates the expression of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In one aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of the phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. In still another aspect, the antagonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention also provides a method of evaluating a therapeutic agent capable of affecting a condition associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) measuring a physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal of (a);

(c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic of the wild-type animal is identified as a condition resulting from the gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal;

(d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and

(c) evaluating the effects of the test agent on the identified condition associated with gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal.

In one aspect, the condition is a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality.

The invention also provides a therapeutic agent which is capable of affecting a condition associated with gene disruption. In one aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of the phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. In still another aspect, the antagonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutic agent capable of affecting the condition associated with gene disruption.

The invention also provides a method of treating or preventing or ameliorating a neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; bone metabolic abnormality or disorder, or embryonic lethality associated with the disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment whom may already have the disorder, or may be prone to have the disorder or may be in whom the disorder is to be prevented, a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively treating or preventing or ameliorating said disorder or disease.

In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder includes depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Such neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, social anxiety, autism, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, monopolar disorders, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder, enhancement of cognitive function, loss of cognitive function associated with but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or traumatic injury to the brain, seizures resulting from disease or injury including but not limited to epilepsy, learning disorders/disabilities, cerebral palsy. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

In another aspect, the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. In still another aspect, the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. In yet another aspect, the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa or is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia.

In still another aspect, the retinal abnormalities are consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.

In still another aspect, the eye abnormality is a cataract. In still yet another aspect, the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome.

In still another aspect, the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability.

In yet another aspect, the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis.

In still yet another aspect, the immunological disorders are consistent with systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.

In yet another aspect, the bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia or osteopetrosis.

In another aspect the therapeutic agent is an agonist or antagonist of the phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. In still another aspect, the antagonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention also provides a method of identifying an agent that ameliorates or modulates a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality associated with a disruption in the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal cell culture, each cell of said culture comprising a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) administering a test agent to said cell culture; and

(c) determining whether the test agent ameliorates or modulates the neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; eye abnormality; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; lipid metabolic disorder; or developmental abnormality in said culture.

In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder is impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. In yet another aspect, the neurological disorder includes depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Such neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, social anxiety, autism, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, monopolar disorders, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder, enhancement of cognitive function, loss of cognitive function associated with but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or traumatic injury to the brain, seizures resulting from disease or injury including but not limited to epilepsy, learning disorders/disabilities, cerebral palsy. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

In another aspect, the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. In still another aspect, the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. In yet another aspect, the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa or is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia.

In still another aspect, the retinal abnormalities are consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.

In still another aspect, the cyc abnormality is a cataract. In still yet another aspect, the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome.

In still another aspect, the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability.

In yet another aspect, the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis.

In still yet another aspect, the immunological disorders are consistent with systemic lupus crythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.

In yet another aspect, the bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia or osteopetrosis.

The invention also provides an agent that ameliorates or modulates a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an cyc abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality which is associated with gene disruption in said culture. In one aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of the phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agent is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In yet another aspect, the agonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. In still another aspect, the antagonist agent is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody.

The invention also provides a method of modulating a phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject whom may already have the phenotype, or may be prone to have the phenotype or may be in whom the phenotype is to be prevented, an effective amount of an agent identified as modulating said phenotype, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the phenotype.

The invention also provides a method of modulating a physiological characteristic associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject whom may already exhibit the physiological characteristic, or may be prone to exhibit the physiological characteristic or may be in whom the physiological characteristic is to be prevented, an effective amount of an agent identified as modulating said physiological characteristic, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the physiological characteristic.

The invention also provides a method of modulating a behavior associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject whom may already exhibit the behavior, or may be prone to exhibit the behavior or may be in whom the exhibited behavior is to be prevented, an effective amount of an agent identified as modulating said behavior, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the behavior.

The invention also provides a method of modulating the expression of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a host cell expressing said PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, an effective amount of an agent identified as modulating said expression, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the expression of said polypeptide.

The invention also provides a method of modulating a condition associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject whom may have the condition, or may be prone to have the condition or may be in whom the condition is to be prevented, a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent identified as modulating said condition, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the condition.

The invention also provides a method of treating or preventing or ameliorating a neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; bone metabolic abnormality or disorder, or embryonic lethality associated with the disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a non-human transgenic animal cell culture, each cell of said culture comprising a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, an effective amount of an agent identified as treating or preventing or ameliorating said disorder, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively treating or preventing or ameliorating said disorder.

B. Further Embodiments

In yet further embodiments, the invention is directed to the following set of potential claims for this application:

1. A method of identifying a phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) measuring a physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal; and

(c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic of the wild-type animal is identified as a phenotype resulting from the gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal.

2. The method of Claim 1, wherein the non-human transgenic animal is heterozygous for the disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 3. The method of Claim 1, wherein the phenotype exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal as compared with gender matched wild-type littermates is at least one of the following: a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality. 4. The method of Claim 3, wherein the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 5. The method of Claim 3, wherein the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 6. The method of Claim 3, wherein the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. 7. The method of Claim 3, wherein the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 8. The method of Claim 3, wherein the neurological disorder is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 9. The method of Claim 3, wherein the neurological disorder is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders. 10. The method of Claim 3, wherein the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. 11. The method of Claim 3, wherein the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. 12. The method of Claim 10, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa. 13. The method of Claim 10, wherein the retinal abnormality is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia. 14. The method of Claim 10, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis. 15. The method of Claim 3, wherein the eye abnormality is a cataract. 16. The method of Claim 15, wherein the cataract is consistent with systemic diseases such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome. 17. The method of Claim 3, wherein the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability. 18. The method of Claim 3, wherein the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis. 19. The method of Claim 3, wherein the immunological disorders are systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. 20. The method of Claim 3, wherein the bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis. 21. The method of Claim 1, wherein the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean scrum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean serum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality. 22. An isolated cell derived from a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 23. The isolated cell of Claim 22 which is a murine cell. 24. The isolated cell of Claim 23, wherein the murine cell is an embryonic stem cell. 25. The isolated cell of Claim 22, wherein the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following phenotypes compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality. 26. A method of identifying an agent that modulates a phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) measuring a physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal of (a);

(c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic of the wild-type animal is identified as a phenotype resulting from the gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal;

(d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and

(e) determining whether the test agent modulates the identified phenotype associated with gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal.

27. The method of Claim 26, wherein the phenotype associated with the gene disruption comprises a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality. 28. The method of Claim 27, wherein the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 29. The method of Claim 27, wherein the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 30. The method of Claim 27, wherein the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. 31. The method of Claim 27, wherein the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 32. The method of Claim 27, wherein the neurological disorder is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 33. The method of Claim 27, wherein the neurological disorder is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders. 34. The method of Claim 27, wherein the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. 35. The method of Claim 27, wherein the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. 36. The method of Claim 34, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa. 37. The method of Claim 34, wherein the retinal abnormality is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia. 38. The method of Claim 34, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, conical graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis. 39. The method of Claim 27, wherein the eye abnormality is a cataract. 40. The method of Claim 39, wherein the cataract is consistent with systemic diseases such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome. 41. The method of Claim 27, wherein the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability. 42. The method of Claim 27, wherein the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis. 43. The method of Claim 27, wherein the immunological disorders are systemic lupus crythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation-associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. 44. The method of Claim 27, wherein said bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis. 45. The method of Claim 26, wherein the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean serum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean scrum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean scrum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean scrum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality. 46. An agent identified by the method of Claim 26. 47. The agent of Claim 46 which is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 48. The agent of Claim 47, wherein the agonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 49. The agent of Claim 47, wherein the antagonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 50. A method of identifying an agent that modulates a physiological characteristic associated with a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) measuring a physiological characteristic exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal of (a);

(c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic exhibited by the wild-type animal is identified as a physiological characteristic associated with gene disruption;

(d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and

(e) determining whether the physiological characteristic associated with gene disruption is modulated.

51. The method of Claim 50, wherein the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean scrum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean serum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean scrum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); Increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality. 52. An agent identified by the method of Claim 50. 53. The agent of Claim 52 which is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 54. The agent of Claim 53, wherein the agonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 55. The agent of Claim 53, wherein the antagonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 56. A method of identifying an agent which modulates a behavior associated with a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) observing the behavior exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal of (a);

(c) comparing the observed behavior of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the observed behavior exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the observed behavior exhibited by the wild-type animal is identified as a behavior associated with gene disruption;

(d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and

(e) determining whether the agent modulates the behavior associated with gene disruption.

57. The method of Claim 56, wherein the behavior is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 58. The method of Claim 56, wherein the behavior is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 59. The method of Claim 56, wherein the behavior is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. 60. The method of Claim 56, wherein the behavior is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 61. The method of Claim 56, wherein the behavior is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 62. The method of Claim 56, wherein the behavior is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders. 63. An agent identified by the method of Claim 56. 64. The agent of Claim 63 which is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 65. The agent of Claim 64, wherein the agonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 66. The agent of Claim 64, wherein the antagonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 67. A method of identifying an agent that ameliorates or modulates a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality associated with a disruption in the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) administering a test agent to said non-human transgenic animal; and

(c) determining whether said test agent ameliorates or modulates the neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; eye abnormality; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; hone metabolic abnormality or disorder; lipid metabolic disorder; or developmental abnormality in the non-human transgenic animal.

68. The method of Claim 67, wherein the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 69. The method of Claim 67, wherein the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 70. The method of Claim 67, wherein the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. 71. The method of Claim 67, wherein the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 72. The method of Claim 67, wherein the neurological disorder is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 73. The method of Claim 73, wherein the neurological disorder is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders. 74. The method of Claim 67, wherein the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. 75. The method of Claim 67, wherein the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. 76. The method of Claim 74, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa. 77. The method of Claim 74, wherein the retinal abnormality is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia. 78. The method of Claim 74, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis. 79. The method of Claim 67, wherein the eye abnormality is a cataract. 80. The method of Claim 79, wherein the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome. 81. The method of Claim 67, wherein the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability. 82. The method of Claim 67, wherein the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis. 83. The method of Claim 67, wherein the immunological disorders are systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. 84. The method of Claim 67, wherein said bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis. 85. The method of Claim 67, wherein the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean scrum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean serum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean serum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); Increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality. 86. An agent identified by the method of Claim 67. 87. The agent of Claim 86 which is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 88. The agent of Claim 87, wherein the agonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 89. The agent of Claim 87, wherein the antagonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 90. A therapeutic agent identified by the method of Claim 67. 91. A method of identifying an agent that modulates the expression of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO10] 4, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) contacting a test agent with a host cell expressing a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide; and

(b) determining whether the test agent modulates the expression of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide by the host cell.

92. An agent identified by the method of Claim 91. 93. The agent of Claim 92 which is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 94. The agent of Claim 93, wherein the agonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 95. The agent of Claim 93, wherein the antagonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 96. A method of evaluating a therapeutic agent capable of affecting a condition associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) measuring a physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal of (a);

(c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic of the wild-type animal is identified as a condition resulting from the gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal;

(d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and

(e) evaluating the effects of the test agent on the identified condition associated with gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal.

97. The method of Claim 96, wherein the condition is a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality. 98. A therapeutic agent identified by the method of Claim 96. 99. The therapeutic agent of Claim 98 which is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 100. The therapeutic agent of Claim 99, wherein the agonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 101. The therapeutic agent of Claim 99, wherein the antagonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 102. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the therapeutic agent of Claim 98. 103. A method of treating or preventing or ameliorating a neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; bone metabolic abnormality or disorder, or embryonic lethality associated with the disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment whom may already have the disorder, or may be prone to have the disorder or may be in whom the disorder is to be prevented, a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic agent of Claim 94, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively treating or preventing or ameliorating said disorder. 104. The method of Claim 103, wherein the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 105. The method of Claim 103, wherein the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 106. The method of Claim 103, wherein the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. 107. The method of Claim 103, wherein the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 108. The method of Claim 103, wherein the neurological disorder is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 109. The method of Claim 103, wherein the neurological disorder is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders. 110. The method of Claim 103, wherein the cyc abnormality is a retinal abnormality. 111. The method of Claim 103, wherein the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. 112. The method of Claim 110, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa. 113. The method of Claim 110, wherein the retinal abnormality is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia. 114. The method of Claim 110, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis. 115. The method of Claim 103, wherein the eye abnormality is a cataract. 116. The method of Claim 115, wherein the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome. 117. The method of Claim 103, wherein the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability. 118. The method of Claim 103, wherein the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis. 119. The method of Claim 103, wherein the immunological disorders are systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. 120. The method of Claim 103, wherein said bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis. 121. A method of identifying an agent that ameliorates or modulates a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality associated with a disruption in the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising:

(a) providing a non-human transgenic animal cell culture, each cell of said culture comprising a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide;

(b) administering a test agent to said cell culture; and

(c) determining whether said test agent ameliorates or modulates the neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; eye abnormality; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; lipid metabolic disorder; or developmental abnormality in said cell culture.

122. The method of Claim 121, wherein the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 123. The method of Claim 121, wherein the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing. 124. The method of Claim 121, wherein the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing. 125. The method of Claim 121, wherein the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 126. The method of Claim 121, wherein the neurological disorder is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing. 127. The method of Claim 121, wherein the neurological disorder is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders. 128. The method of Claim 121, wherein the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality. 129. The method of Claim 121, wherein the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness. 130. The method of Claim 128, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa. 131. The method of Claim 128, wherein the retinal abnormality is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia. 132. The method of Claim 128, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis. 133. The method of Claim 121, wherein the eye abnormality is a cataract. 134. The method of Claim 133, wherein the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome. 135. The method of Claim 121, wherein the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability. 136. The method of Claim 121, wherein the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis. 137. The method of Claim 121, wherein the immunological disorders are systemic lupus crythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjögren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. 138. The method of Claim 121, wherein said bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis. 139. An agent identified by the method of Claim 121. 140. The agent of Claim 139 which is an agonist or antagonist of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. 141. The agent of Claim 140, wherein the agonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 142. The agent of Claim 140, wherein the antagonist is an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody. 143. A therapeutic agent identified by the method of Claim 121. 144. A method of modulating a phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject whom may already have the phenotype, or may be prone to have the phenotype or may be in whom the phenotype is to be prevented, an effective amount of the agent of Claim 46, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the phenotype. 145. A method of modulating a physiological characteristic associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject whom may already exhibit the physiological characteristic, or may be prone to exhibit the physiological characteristic or may be in whom the physiological characteristic is to be prevented, an effective amount of the agent of Claim 52, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the physiological characteristic. 146. A method of modulating a behavior associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject whom may already exhibit the behavior, or may be prone to exhibit the behavior or may be in whom the exhibited behavior is to be prevented, an effective amount of the agent of Claim 63, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the behavior. 147. A method of modulating the expression of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a host cell expressing said PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, an effective amount of the agent of Claim 92, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the expression of said polypeptide. 148. A method of modulating a condition associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a subject whom may have the condition, or may be prone to have the condition or may be in whom the condition is to be prevented, a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic agent of Claim 98, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively modulating the condition. 149. A method of treating or preventing or ameliorating a neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; bone metabolic abnormality or disorder, or embryonic lethality associated with the disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the method comprising administering to a non-human transgenic animal cell culture, each cell of said culture comprising a disruption of the gene which encodes for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, a therapeutically effective amount of the agent of Claim 139, or agonists or antagonists thereof, thereby effectively treating or preventing or ameliorating said disorder.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) of a native sequence PRO194 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:1 is a clone designated herein as “DNA26844-1394” (UNQ168).

FIG. 2 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) of a native sequence PRO220 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:3 is a clone designated herein as “DNA32298-1132” (UNQ194).

FIG. 4 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:5) of a native sequence PRO241 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:5 is a clone designated herein as “DNA34392-1170” (UNQ215).

FIG. 6 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:6) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) of a native sequence PRO284 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:7 is a clone designated herein as “DNA23318-1211” (UNQ247).

FIG. 8 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:9) of a native sequence PRO331 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:9 is a clone designated herein as “DNA40981-1234” (UNQ292).

FIG. 10 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:11) of a native sequence PRO354 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:11 is a clone designated herein as “DNA44192-1246” (UNQ311).

FIG. 12 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:12) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:11 shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:13) of a native sequence PRO355 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:13 is a clone designated herein as “DNA39518-1247” (UNQ312).

FIG. 14 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 shown in FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:15) of a native sequence PRO533 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:15 is a clone designated herein as “DNA49435-1219” (UNQ334).

FIG. 16 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:16) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:17) of a native sequence PRO541 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:17 is a clone designated herein as “DNA45417-1432” (UNQ342).

FIG. 18 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:18) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:19) of a native sequence PRO725 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:19 is a clone designated herein as “DNA52758-1399” (UNQ390).

FIG. 20 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:20) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 shown in FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:21) of a native sequence PRO937 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:21 is a clone designated herein as “DNA56436-1448” (UNQ474).

FIG. 22 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:22) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 shown in FIG. 21.

FIG. 23 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) of a native sequence PRO1014 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:23 is a clone designated herein as “DNA56409-1377” (UNQ497).

FIG. 24 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:24) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:23 shown in FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:25) of a native sequence PRO1120 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:25 is a clone designated herein as “DNA48606-1479” (UNQ559).

FIG. 26 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:26) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 shown in FIG. 25.

FIG. 27 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:27) of a native sequence PRO1182 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:27 is a clone designated herein as “DNA59848-1512” (UNQ596).

FIG. 28 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:28) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:27 shown in FIG. 27.

FIG. 29 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:29) of a native sequence PRO1325 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:29 is a clone designated herein as “DNA66659-1593” (UNQ685).

FIG. 30 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:30) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:29 shown in FIG. 29.

FIG. 31 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:31) of a native sequence PRO1382 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:31 is a clone designated herein as “DNA66526-1616” (UNQ718).

FIG. 32 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:32) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:31 shown in FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:33) of a native sequence PRO1410 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:33 is a clone designated herein as “DNA68874-1622” (UNQ728).

FIG. 34 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:34) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:33 shown in FIG. 33.

FIG. 35 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:35) of a native sequence PRO1555 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:35 is a clone designated herein as “DNA73744-1665” (UNQ763).

FIG. 36 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:36) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:35 shown in FIG. 35.

FIG. 37 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:37) of a native sequence PRO1556 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:37 is a clone designated herein as “DNA76529-1666” (UNQ764).

FIG. 38 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:38) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 shown in FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:39) of a native sequence PRO1760 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:39 is a clone designated herein as “DNA76532-1702” (UNQ833).

FIG. 40 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:40) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:39 shown in FIG. 39.

FIG. 41 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:41) of a native sequence PRO1787 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:41 is a clone designated herein as “DNA76510-2504” (UNQ849).

FIG. 42 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:42) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 shown in FIG. 41.

FIG. 43 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:43) of a native sequence PRO1868 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:43 is a clone designated herein as “DNA77624-2515” (UNQ859).

FIG. 44 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:44) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:43 shown in FIG. 43.

FIG. 45 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:45) of a native sequence PRO4326 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:45 is a clone designated herein as “DNA91779-2571” (UNQ1883).

FIG. 46 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:46) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 shown in FIG. 45.

FIG. 47 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:47) of a native sequence PRO4332 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:47 is a clone designated herein as “DNA100272-2969” (UNQ1887).

FIG. 48 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:48) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:47 shown in FIG. 47.

FIG. 49 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:49) of a native sequence PRO4346 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:49 is a clone designated herein as “DNA86594-2587” (UNQ1900).

FIG. 50 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:50) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:49 shown in FIG. 49.

FIG. 51 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:51) of a native sequence PRO4400 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:51 is a clone designated herein as “DNA87974-2609” (UNQ1925).

FIG. 52 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:52) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 shown in FIG. 51.

FIG. 53 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:53) of a native sequence PRO6003 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:53 is a clone designated herein as “DNA83568-2692” (UNQ2514).

FIG. 54 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:54) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:53 shown in FIG. 53.

FIG. 55 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:55) of a native sequence PRO6094 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:55 is a clone designated herein as “DNA96995-2709” (UNQ2542).

FIG. 56 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:56) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 shown in FIG. 55.

FIG. 57 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:57) of a native sequence PRO6244 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:57 is a clone designated herein as “DNA108743-2722” (UNQ2564).

FIG. 58 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:58) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:57 shown in FIG. 57.

FIG. 59 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:59) of a native sequence PRO9820 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:59 is a clone designated herein as “DNA108769-2765” (UNQ3022).

FIG. 60 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:60) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:59 shown in FIG. 59.

FIG. 61 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:61) of a native sequence PRO9828 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:61 is a clone designated herein as “DNA142238-2768” (UNQ3027).

FIG. 62 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:62) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:61 shown in FIG. 61.

FIG. 63 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:63) of a native sequence PRO10274 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:63 is a clone designated herein as “DNA139686-2823” (UNQ3122).

FIG. 64 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:64) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:63 shown in FIG. 63.

FIG. 65 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:65) of a native sequence PRO16090 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:65 is a clone designated herein as “DNA 144844-2843” (UNQ5783).

FIG. 66 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:66) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:65 shown in FIG. 65.

FIG. 67 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:67) of a native sequence PRO19644 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:67 is a clone designated herein as “DNA 139592-2866” (UNQ5825).

FIG. 68 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:68) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:67 shown in FIG. 67.

FIG. 69 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:69) of a native sequence PRO21340 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:69 is a clone designated herein as “DNA176775-2957” (UNQ5982).

FIG. 70 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:70) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:69 shown in FIG. 69.

FIG. 71 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:71) of a native sequence PRO92165 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:71 is a clone designated herein as “DNA340392” (UNQ17826).

FIG. 72 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:72) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:71 shown in FIG. 71.

FIG. 73 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:73) of a native sequence PRO85143 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:73 is a clone designated herein as “DNA340394” (UNQ11831).

FIG. 74 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:74) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:73 shown in FIG. 73.

FIG. 75 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:75) of a native sequence PRO1124 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:75 is a clone designated herein as “DNA60629-1481” (UNQ18919).

FIG. 76 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:76) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:75 shown in FIG. 75.

FIG. 77 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:77) of a native sequence PRO1026 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:77 is a clone designated herein as “DNA59613-1417” (UNQ511).

FIG. 78 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:78) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:77 shown in FIG. 77.

FIG. 79 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:79) of a native sequence PRO23370 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:79 is a clone designated herein as “DNA193963” (UNQ8344).

FIG. 80 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:80) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:79 shown in FIG. 79.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS I. Definitions

The terms “PRO polypeptide” and “PRO” as used herein and when immediately followed by a numerical designation refer to various polypeptides, wherein the complete designation (i.e., PRO/number) refers to specific polypeptide sequences as described herein. The terms “PRO/number polypeptide” and “PRO/number” wherein the term “number” is provided as an actual numerical designation as used herein encompass native sequence polypeptides and polypeptide variants (which are further defined herein). The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides described herein may be isolated from a variety of sources, such as from human tissue types or from another source, or prepared by recombinant or synthetic methods. The term “PRO polypeptide” refers to each individual PRO/number polypeptide disclosed herein. All disclosures in this specification which refer to the “PRO polypeptide” refer to each of the polypeptides individually as well as jointly. For example, descriptions of the preparation of, purification of, derivation of, formation of antibodies to or against, administration of, compositions containing, treatment of a disease with, etc., pertain to each polypeptide of the invention individually. The term “PRO polypeptide” also includes variants of the PRO/number polypeptides disclosed herein.

A “native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide” comprises a polypeptide having the same amino acid sequence as the corresponding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide derived from nature. Such native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides can be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or synthetic means. The term “native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide” specifically encompasses naturally-occurring truncated or secreted forms of the specific PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide (e.g., an extracellular domain sequence), naturally-occurring variant forms (e.g., alternatively spliced forms) and naturally-occurring allelic variants of the polypeptide. The invention provides native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides disclosed herein which are mature or full-length native sequence polypeptides comprising the full-length amino acids sequences shown in the accompanying figures. Start and stop codons are shown in bold font and underlined in the figures. However, while the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide disclosed in the accompanying figures are shown to begin with methionine residues designated herein as amino acid position 1 in the figures, it is conceivable and possible that other methionine residues located either upstream or downstream from the amino acid position 1 in the figures may be employed as the starting amino acid residue for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides.

The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide “extracellular domain” or “ECD” refers to a form of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide which is essentially free of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Ordinarily, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide ECD will have less than 1% of such transmembrane and/or cytoplasmic domains and preferably, will have less than 0.5% of such domains. It will be understood that any transmembrane domains identified for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides of the present invention are identified pursuant to criteria routinely employed in the art for identifying that type of hydrophobic domain. The exact boundaries of a transmembrane domain may vary but most likely by no more than about 5 amino acids at either end of the domain as initially identified herein. Optionally, therefore, an extracellular domain of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may contain from about 5 or fewer amino acids on either side of the transmembrane domain/extracellular domain boundary as identified in the Examples or specification and such polypeptides, with or without the associated signal peptide, and nucleic acid encoding them, are contemplated by the present invention.

The approximate location of the “signal peptides” of the various PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides disclosed herein are shown in the present specification and/or the accompanying figures. It is noted, however, that the C-terminal boundary of a signal peptide may vary, but most likely by no more than about 5 amino acids on either side of the signal peptide C-terminal boundary as initially identified herein, wherein the C-terminal boundary of the signal peptide may be identified pursuant to criteria routinely employed in the art for identifying that type of amino acid sequence element (e.g., Nielsen et al., Prot. Eng. 10:1-6 (1997) and von Heinje et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 14:4683-4690 (1986)). Moreover, it is also recognized that, in some cases, cleavage of a signal sequence from a secreted polypeptide is not entirely uniform, resulting in more than one secreted species. These mature polypeptides, where the signal peptide is cleaved within no more than about 5 amino acids on either side of the C-terminal boundary of the signal peptide as identified herein, and the polynucleotides encoding them, are contemplated by the present invention.

“PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide variant” means a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, preferably an active PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, as defined herein having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity with a full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other fragment of a full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein (such as those encoded by a nucleic acid that represents only a portion of the complete coding sequence for a full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide). Such PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide variants include, for instance, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are added, or deleted, at the N- or C-terminus of the full-length native amino acid sequence. Ordinarily, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide variant will have or will have at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively will have or will have at least about 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% amino acid sequence identity, to a full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other specifically defined fragment of a full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein. Ordinarily, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polypeptides are or are at least about 10 amino acids in length, alternatively are or are at least about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600 amino acids in length, or more. Optionally, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polypeptides will have no more than one conservative amino acid substitution as compared to the native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence, alternatively will have or will have no more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 conservative amino acid substitution as compared to the native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” with respect to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequences identified herein is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For purposes herein, however, % amino acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2, wherein the complete source code for the ALIGN-2 program is provided in Table 1 below. The ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc. and the source code shown in Table 1 below has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program is publicly available through Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif. or may be compiled from the source code provided in Table 1 below. The ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, preferably digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.

In situations where ALIGN-2 is employed for amino acid sequence comparisons, the % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B (which can alternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence A that has or comprises a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows:

100 times the fraction X/Y

where X is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in that program's alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of amino acid residues in B. It will be appreciated that where the length of amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of amino acid sequence B, the % amino acid sequence identity of A to B will not equal the % amino acid sequence identity of B to A. As examples of % amino acid sequence identity calculations using this method, Tables 2 and 3 demonstrate how to calculate the % amino acid sequence identity of the amino acid sequence designated “Comparison Protein” to the amino acid sequence designated “PRO”, wherein “PRO” represents the amino acid sequence of a hypothetical PRO polypeptide of interest, “Comparison Protein” represents the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide against which the “PRO” polypeptide of interest is being compared, and “X, “Y” and “Z” each represent different hypothetical amino acid residues. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all % amino acid sequence identity values used herein are obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program.

“PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polynucleotide” or “PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant nucleic acid sequence” means a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, preferably an active PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, as defined herein and which has at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity with a nucleotide acid sequence encoding a full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, a full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other fragment of a full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein (such as those encoded by a nucleic acid that represents only a portion of the complete coding sequence for a full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide). Ordinarily, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polynucleotide will have or will have at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively will have or will have at least about 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% nucleic acid sequence identity with a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, a full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, with or without the signal sequence, as disclosed herein or any other fragment of a full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein. Variants do not encompass the native nucleotide sequence.

Ordinarily, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polynucleotides are or are at least about 5 nucleotides in length, alternatively are or are at least about 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, or 1000 nucleotides in length, wherein in this context the term “about” means the referenced nucleotide sequence length plus or minus 10% of that referenced length.

“Percent (%) nucleic acid sequence identity” with respect to PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-encoding nucleic acid sequences identified herein is defined as the percentage of nucleotides in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotides in the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 nucleic acid sequence of interest, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent nucleic acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. For purposes herein, however, % nucleic acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2, wherein the complete source code for the ALIGN-2 program is provided in Table 1 below. The ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc. and the source code shown in Table 1 below has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program is publicly available through Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif. or may be compiled from the source code provided in Table 1 below. The ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, preferably digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.

In situations where ALIGN-2 is employed for nucleic acid sequence comparisons, the % nucleic acid sequence identity of a given nucleic acid sequence C to, with, or against a given nucleic acid sequence D (which can alternatively be phrased as a given nucleic acid sequence C that has or comprises a certain % nucleic acid sequence identity to, with, or against a given nucleic acid sequence D) is calculated as follows:

100 times the fraction W/Z

where W is the number of nucleotides scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in that program's alignment of C and D, and where Z is the total number of nucleotides in D. It will be appreciated that where the length of nucleic acid sequence C is not equal to the length of nucleic acid sequence D, the % nucleic acid sequence identity of C to D will not equal the % nucleic acid sequence identity of D to C. As examples of % nucleic acid sequence identity calculations, Tables 4 and 5, demonstrate how to calculate the % nucleic acid sequence identity of the nucleic acid sequence designated “Comparison DNA” to the nucleic acid sequence designated “PRO-DNA”, wherein “PRO-DNA” represents a hypothetical PRO-encoding nucleic acid sequence of interest, “Comparison DNA” represents the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule against which the “PRO-DNA” nucleic acid molecule of interest is being compared, and “N”, “L” and “V” each represent different hypothetical nucleotides. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all % nucleic acid sequence identity values used herein are obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program.

The invention also provides PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polynucleotides which are nucleic acid molecules that encode a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and which are capable of hybridizing, preferably under stringent hybridization and wash conditions, to nucleotide sequences encoding a full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as disclosed herein. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polypeptides may be those that are encoded by a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant polynucleotide.

The term “full-length coding region” when used in reference to a nucleic acid encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide refers to the sequence of nucleotides which encode the full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide of the invention (which is often shown between start and stop codons, inclusive thereof, in the accompanying figures). The term “full-length coding region” when used in reference to an ATCC deposited nucleic acid refers to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-encoding portion of the cDNA that is inserted into the vector deposited with the ATCC (which is often shown between start and stop codons, inclusive thereof, in the accompanying figures).

“Isolated,” when used to describe the various polypeptides disclosed herein, means polypeptide that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials that would typically interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the polypeptide, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes. The invention provides that the polypeptide will be purified (1) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (2) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing or reducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated polypeptide includes polypeptide in situ within recombinant cells, since at least one component of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated polypeptide will be prepared by at least one purification step.

An “isolated” PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or other polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the natural source of the polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid. An isolated polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule is other than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature. Isolated polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from the specific polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule as it exists in natural cells. However, an isolated polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule includes polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecules contained in cells that ordinarily express the polypeptide where, for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells.

The term “control sequences” refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site. Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers.

Nucleic acid is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, “operably linked” means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice.

“Stringency” of hybridization reactions is readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art, and generally is an empirical calculation dependent upon probe length, washing temperature, and salt concentration. In general, longer probes require higher temperatures for proper annealing, while shorter probes need lower temperatures. Hybridization generally depends on the ability of denatured DNA to reanneal when complementary strands are present in an environment below their melting temperature. The higher the degree of desired homology between the probe and hybridizable sequence, the higher the relative temperature which can be used. As a result, it follows that higher relative temperatures would tend to make the reaction conditions more stringent, while lower temperatures less so. For additional details and explanation of stringency of hybridization reactions, see Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience Publishers, (1995).

“Stringent conditions” or “high stringency conditions”, as defined herein, may be identified by those that: (1) employ low ionic strength and high temperature for washing, for example 0.015 M sodium chloride/0.0015 M sodium citrate/0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 50° C.; (2) employ during hybridization a denaturing agent, such as formamide, for example, 50% (v/v) formamide with 0.1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM sodium chloride, 75 mM sodium citrate at 42° C.; or (3) employ 50% formamide, 5×SSC (0.75 M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5×Denhardt's solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50 μg/ml), 0.1% SDS, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42° C., with washes at 42° C. in 0.2×SSC (sodium chloride/sodium citrate) and 50% formamide at 55° C., followed by a high-stringency wash consisting of 0.1×SSC containing EDTA at 55° C.

“Moderately stringent conditions” may be identified as described by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989, and include the use of washing solution and hybridization conditions (e.g., temperature, ionic strength and % SDS) less stringent that those described above. An example of moderately stringent conditions is overnight incubation at 37° C. in a solution comprising: 20% formamide, 5×SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5×Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 mg/ml denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in 1×SSC at about 37-50° C. The skilled artisan will recognize how to adjust the temperature, ionic strength, etc. as necessary to accommodate factors such as probe length and the like.

The term “epitope tagged” when used herein refers to a chimeric polypeptide comprising a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide fused to a “tag polypeptide”. The tag polypeptide has enough residues to provide an epitope against which an antibody can be made, yet is short enough such that it does not interfere with activity of the polypeptide to which it is fused. The tag polypeptide preferably also is fairly unique so that the antibody does not substantially cross-react with other epitopes. Suitable tag polypeptides generally have at least six amino acid residues and usually between about 8 and 50 amino acid residues (preferably, between about 10 and 20 amino acid residues).

“Active” or “activity” for the purposes herein refers to form(s) of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide which retain a biological and/or an immunological activity of native or naturally-occurring PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, wherein “biological” activity refers to a biological function (either inhibitory or stimulatory) caused by a native or naturally-occurring PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide other than the ability to induce the production of an antibody against an antigenic epitope possessed by a native or naturally-occurring PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and an “immunological” activity refers to the ability to induce the production of an antibody against an antigenic epitope possessed by a native or naturally-occurring PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

The term “antagonist” is used in the broadest sense [unless otherwise qualified], and includes any molecule that partially or fully blocks, inhibits, or neutralizes a biological activity of a native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide disclosed herein. In a similar manner, the term “agonist” is used in the broadest sense [unless otherwise qualified] and includes any molecule that mimics a biological activity of a native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide disclosed herein. Suitable agonist or antagonist molecules specifically include agonist or antagonist antibodies or antibody fragments, fragments or amino acid sequence variants of native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides, peptides, antisense oligonucleotides, small organic molecules, etc. Methods for identifying agonists or antagonists of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may comprise contacting a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide with a candidate agonist or antagonist molecule and measuring a detectable change in one or more biological activities normally associated with the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

“Treating” or “treatment” or “alleviation” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder. A subject in need of treatment may already have the disorder, or may be prone to have the disorder or may be in whom the disorder is to be prevented.

“Chronic” administration refers to administration of the agent(s) in a continuous mode as opposed to an acute mode, so as to maintain the initial therapeutic effect (activity) for an extended period of time. “Intermittent” administration is treatment that is not consecutively done without interruption, but rather is cyclic in nature.

“Mammal” for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, rodents such as rats or mice, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, rabbits, etc. Preferably, the mammal is human.

Administration “in combination with” one or more further therapeutic agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order.

“Carriers” as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers which are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution. Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS™

By “solid phase” is meant a non-aqueous matrix to which the antibody of the present invention can adhere. Examples of solid phases encompassed herein include those formed partially or entirely of glass (e.g., controlled pore glass), polysaccharides (e.g., agarose), polyacrylamides, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol and silicones. Depending on the context, the solid phase can comprise the well of an assay plate; in others it is a purification column (e.g., an affinity chromatography column). This term also includes a discontinuous solid phase of discrete particles, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149.

A “liposome” is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug (such as a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or antibody thereto) to a mammal. The components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes.

A “small molecule” is defined herein to have a molecular weight below about 500 Daltons.

An“effective amount” of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptide, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecule or an agonist or antagonist thereof as disclosed herein is an amount sufficient to carry out a specifically stated purpose. An “effective amount” may be determined empirically and in a routine manner, in relation to the stated purpose.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptide, a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecule or other drug effective to “treat” a disease or disorder in a subject or mammal. In the case of cancer, the therapeutically effective amount of the drug may reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the cancer. See the definition herein of “treating”. To the extent the drug may prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells, it may be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic.

The phrases “cardiovascular, endothelial and angiogenic disorder”, “cardiovascular, endothelial and angiogenic dysfunction”, “cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder” and “cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic dysfunction” are used interchangeably and refer in part to systemic disorders that affect vessels, such as diabetes mellitus, as well as diseases of the vessels themselves, such as of the arteries, capillaries, veins, and/or lymphatics. This would include indications that stimulate angiogenesis and/or cardiovascularization, and those that inhibit angiogenesis and/or cardiovascularization. Such disorders include, for example, arterial disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, inflammatory vasculitides, Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon, aneurysms, and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; and other vascular disorders such as peripheral vascular disease, cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma, tumor angiogenesis, trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring, ischemia reperfusion injury, rheumatoid arthritis, cerebrovascular disease, renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis. This would also include angina, myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as CHF.

“Hypertrophy”, as used herein, is defined as an increase in mass of an organ or structure independent of natural growth that does not involve tumor formation. Hypertrophy of an organ or tissue is due either to an increase in the mass of the individual cells (true hypertrophy), or to an increase in the number of cells making up the tissue (hyperplasia), or both. Certain organs, such as the heart, lose the ability to divide shortly after birth. Accordingly, “cardiac hypertrophy” is defined as an increase in mass of the heart, which, in adults, is characterized by an increase in myocyte cell size and contractile protein content without concomitant cell division. The character of the stress responsible for inciting the hypertrophy, (e.g., increased preload, increased afterload, loss of myocytes, as in myocardial infarction, or primary depression of contractility), appears to play a critical role in determining the nature of the response. The early stage of cardiac hypertrophy is usually characterized morphologically by increases in the size of myofibrils and mitochondria, as well as by enlargement of mitochondria and nuclei. At this stage, while muscle cells are larger than normal, cellular organization is largely preserved. At a more advanced stage of cardiac hypertrophy, there are preferential increases in the size or number of specific organelles, such as mitochondria, and new contractile elements are added in localized areas of the cells, in an irregular manner. Cells subjected to long-standing hypertrophy show more obvious disruptions in cellular organization, including markedly enlarged nuclei with highly lobulated membranes, which displace adjacent myofibrils and cause breakdown of normal Z-band registration. The phrase “cardiac hypertrophy” is used to include all stages of the progression of this condition, characterized by various degrees of structural damage of the heart muscle, regardless of the underlying cardiac disorder. Hence, the term also includes physiological conditions instrumental in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, such as elevated blood pressure, aortic stenosis, or myocardial infarction.

“Heart failure” refers to an abnormality of cardiac function where the heart does not pump blood at the rate needed for the requirements of metabolizing tissues. The heart failure can be caused by a number of factors, including ischemic, congenital, rheumatic, or idiopathic forms.

“Congestive heart failure” (CHF) is a progressive pathologic state where the heart is increasingly unable to supply adequate cardiac output (the volume of blood pumped by the heart over time) to deliver the oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues. As CHF progresses, structural and hemodynamic damages occur. While these damages have a variety of manifestations, one characteristic symptom is ventricular hypertrophy. CHF is a common end result of a number of various cardiac disorders.

“Myocardial infarction” generally results from atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, often with superimposed coronary thrombosis. It may be divided into two major types: transmural infarcts, in which myocardial necrosis involves the full thickness of the ventricular wall, and subendocardial (nontransmural) infarcts, in which the necrosis involves the subendocardium, the intramural myocardium, or both, without extending all the way through the ventricular wall to the epicardium. Myocardial infarction is known to cause both a change in hemodynamic effects and an alteration in structure in the damaged and healthy zones of the heart. Thus, for example, myocardial infarction reduces the maximum cardiac output and the stroke volume of the heart. Also associated with myocardial infarction is a stimulation of the DNA synthesis occurring in the interstice as well as an increase in the formation of collagen in the areas of the heart not affected.

As a result of the increased stress or strain placed on the heart in prolonged hypertension due, for example, to the increased total peripheral resistance, cardiac hypertrophy has long been associated with “hypertension”. A characteristic of the ventricle that becomes hypertrophic as a result of chronic pressure overload is an impaired diastolic performance. Fouad et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 4: 1500-1506 (1984); Smith et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 5: 869-874 (1985). A prolonged left ventricular relaxation has been detected in early essential hypertension, in spite of normal or supranormal systolic function. Hartford et al., Hypertension, 6: 329-338 (1984). However, there is no close parallelism between blood pressure levels and cardiac hypertrophy. Although improvement in left ventricular function in response to antihypertensive therapy has been reported in humans, patients variously treated with a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide), a β-blocker (propranolol), or a calcium channel blocker (diltiazem), have shown reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy, without improvement in diastolic function. Inouye et al., Am. J. Cardiol., 53: 1583-7 (1984).

Another complex cardiac disease associated with cardiac hypertrophy is “hypertrophic cardiomyopathy”.

This condition is characterized by a great diversity of morphologic, functional, and clinical features (Maron et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 316: 780-789 (1987); Spirito et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 320: 749-755 (1989); Louie and Edwards, Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 36: 275-308 (1994); Wigle et al., Circulation, 92: 1680-1692 (1995)), the heterogeneity of which is accentuated by the fact that it afflicts patients of all ages. Spirito et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 336: 775-785 (1997). The causative factors of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are also diverse and little understood. In general, mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Recent data suggest that β-myosin heavy chain mutations may account for approximately 30 to 40 percent of cases of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Watkins et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 326: 1108-1114 (1992); Schwartz et al, Circulation, 91: 532-540 (1995); Marian and Roberts, Circulation, 92: 1336-1347 (1995); Thierfelder et al. Cell, 77: 701-712 (1994); Watkins et al., Nat. Gen., 11: 434-437 (1995). Resides β-myosin heavy chain, other locations of genetic mutations include cardiac troponin T, alpha topomyosin, cardiac myosin binding protein C, essential myosin light chain, and regulatory myosin light chain. See, Malik and Watkins, Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 12: 295-302 (1997).

Supravalvular “aortic stenosis” is an inherited vascular disorder characterized by narrowing of the ascending aorta, but other arteries, including the pulmonary arteries, may also be affected. Untreated aortic stenosis may lead to increased intracardiac pressure resulting in myocardial hypertrophy and eventually heart failure and death. The pathogenesis of this disorder is not fully understood, but hypertrophy and possibly hyperplasia of medial smooth muscle are prominent features of this disorder. It has been reported that molecular variants of the elastin gene are involved in the development and pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,282 issued Jul. 22, 1997.

“Valvular regurgitation” occurs as a result of heart diseases resulting in disorders of the cardiac valves. Various diseases, like rheumatic fever, can cause the shrinking or pulling apart of the valve orifice, while other diseases may result in endocarditis, an inflammation of the endocardium or lining membrane of the atrioventricular orifices and operation of the heart. Defects such as the narrowing of the valve stenosis or the defective closing of the valve result in an accumulation of blood in the heart cavity or regurgitation of blood past the valve. If uncorrected, prolonged valvular stenosis or insufficiency may result in cardiac hypertrophy and associated damage to the heart muscle, which may eventually necessitate valve replacement.

The term “immune related disease” means a disease in which a component of the immune system of a mammal causes, mediates or otherwise contributes to a morbidity in the mammal. Also included are diseases in which stimulation or intervention of the immune response has an ameliorative effect on progression of the disease. Included within this term are immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, etc.

The term “T cell mediated disease” means a disease in which T cells directly or indirectly mediate or otherwise contribute to a morbidity in a mammal. The T cell mediated disease may be associated with cell mediated effects, lymphokine mediated effects, etc., and even effects associated with B cells if the B cells are stimulated, for example, by the lymphokines secreted by T cells.

Examples of immune-related and inflammatory diseases, some of which are immune or T cell mediated, include systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis), Sjögren's syndrome, systemic vasculitis, sarcoidosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia), thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis), diabetes mellitus, immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis), demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease), gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease, autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis, allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria, immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host-disease. Infectious diseases including viral diseases such as AIDS (HIV infection), hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, herpes, etc., bacterial infections, fungal infections, protozoal infections and parasitic infections.

An “autoimmune disease” herein is a disease or disorder arising from and directed against an individual's own tissues or organs or a co-segregate or manifestation thereof or resulting condition therefrom. In many of these autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, a number of clinical and laboratory markers may exist, including, but not limited to, hypergammaglobulinemia, high levels of autoantibodies, antigen-antibody complex deposits in tissues, benefit from corticosteroid or immunosuppressive treatments, and lymphoid cell aggregates in affected tissues. Without being limited to any one theory regarding B-cell mediated autoimmune disease, it is believed that B cells demonstrate a pathogenic effect in human autoimmune diseases through a multitude of mechanistic pathways, including autoantibody production, immune complex formation, dendritic and T-cell activation, cytokine synthesis, direct chemokine release, and providing a nidus for ectopic neo-lymphogenesis. Each of these pathways may participate to different degrees in the pathology of autoimmune diseases.

“Autoimmune disease” can be an organ-specific disease (i.e., the immune response is specifically directed against an organ system such as the endocrine system, the hematopoietic system, the skin, the cardiopulmonary system, the gastrointestinal and liver systems, the renal system, the thyroid, the cars, the neuromuscular system, the central nervous system, etc.) or a systemic disease which can affect multiple organ systems (for example, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, etc.). Preferred such diseases include autoimmune rheumatologic disorders (such as, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma, lupus such as SLE and lupus nephritis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, cryoglobulinemia, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, and psoriatic arthritis), autoimmune gastrointestinal and liver disorders (such as, for example, inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and celiac disease), vasculitis (such as, for example, ANCA-associated vasculitis, including Churg-Strauss vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and polyarteriitis), autoimmune neurological disorders (such as, for example, multiple sclerosis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and autoimmune polyneuropathies), renal disorders (such as, for example, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, and Berger's disease), autoimmune dermatologic disorders (such as, for example, psoriasis, urticaria, hives, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and cutaneous lupus erythematosus), hematologic disorders (such as, for example, thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, post-transfusion purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia), atherosclerosis, uveitis, autoimmune hearing diseases (such as, for example, inner ear disease and hearing loss), Behcet's disease, Raynaud's syndrome, organ transplant, and autoimmune endocrine disorders (such as, for example, diabetic-related autoimmune diseases such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), Addison's disease, and autoimmune thyroid disease (e.g., Graves' disease and thyroiditis)). More preferred such diseases include, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, Graves' disease, IDDM, pernicious anemia, thyroiditis, and glomerulonephritis.

Specific examples of other autoimmune diseases as defined herein, which in some cases encompass those listed above, include, but are not limited to, arthritis (acute and chronic, rheumatoid arthritis including juvenile-onset rheumatoid arthritis and stages such as rheumatoid synovitis, gout or gouty arthritis, acute immunological arthritis, chronic inflammatory arthritis, degenerative arthritis, type II collagen-induced arthritis, infectious arthritis, Lyme arthritis, proliferative arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Still's disease, vertebral arthritis, osteoarthritis, arthritis chronica progrediente, arthritis deformans, polyarthritis chronica primaria, reactive arthritis, menopausal arthritis, estrogen-depletion arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis/rheumatoid spondylitis), autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease, inflammatory hyperproliferative skin diseases, psoriasis such as plaque psoriasis, gutatte psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, and psoriasis of the nails, atopy including atopic diseases such as hay fever and Job's syndrome, dermatitis including contact dermatitis, chronic contact dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, hives, dermatitis herpetiformis, nummular dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, non-specific dermatitis, primary irritant contact dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis, x-linked hyper IgM syndrome, allergic intraocular inflammatory diseases, urticaria such as chronic allergic urticaria and chronic idiopathic urticaria, including chronic autoimmune urticaria, myositis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, juvenile dermatomyositis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, scleroderma (including systemic scleroderma), sclerosis such as systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis (MS) such as spino-optical MS, primary progressive MS (PPMS), and relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), progressive systemic sclerosis, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, sclerosis disseminata, ataxic sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (for example, Crohn's disease, autoimmune-mediated gastrointestinal diseases, gastrointestinal inflammation, colitis such as ulcerative colitis, colitis ulcerosa, microscopic colitis, collagenous colitis, colitis polyposa, necrotizing enterocolitis, and transmural colitis, and autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease), bowel inflammation, pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum, primary sclerosing cholangitis, respiratory distress syndrome, including adult or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), meningitis, inflammation of all or part of the uvea, iritis, choroiditis, an autoimmune hematological disorder, graft-versus-host disease, angioedema such as hereditary angioedema, cranial nerve damage as in meningitis, herpes gestationis, pemphigoid gestationis, pruritis scroti, autoimmune premature ovarian failure, sudden hearing loss due to an autoimmune condition, IgE-mediated diseases such as anaphylaxis and allergic and atopic rhinitis, encephalitis such as Rasmussen's encephalitis and limbic and/or brainstem encephalitis, uveitis, such as anterior uveitis, acute anterior uveitis, granulomatous uveitis, nongranulomatous uveitis, phacoantigenic uveitis, posterior uveitis, or autoimmune uveitis, glomerulonephritis (GN) with and without nephrotic syndrome such as chronic or acute glomerulonephritis such as primary GN, immune-mediated GN, membranous GN (membranous nephropathy), idiopathic membranous GN or idiopathic membranous nephropathy, membrano- or membranous proliferative GN (MPGN), including Type I and Type II, and rapidly progressive GN (RPGN), proliferative nephritis, autoimmune polyglandular endocrine failure, balanitis including balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis, balanoposthitis, erythema annulare centrifugum, erythema dyschromicum perstans, eythema multiform, granuloma annulare, lichen nitidus, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, lichen simplex chronicus, lichen spinulosus, lichen planus, lamellar ichthyosis, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, premalignant keratosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, allergic conditions and responses, food allergies, drug allergies, insect allergies, rare allergic disorders such as mastocytosis, allergic reaction, eczema including allergic or atopic eczema, asteatotic eczema, dyshidrotic eczema, and vesicular palmoplantar eczema, asthma such as asthma bronchiale, bronchial asthma, and auto-immune asthma, conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses, immune reactions against foreign antigens such as fetal A-B-O blood groups during pregnancy, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, autoimmune myocarditis, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, lupus, including lupus nephritis, lupus cerebritis, pediatric lupus, non-renal lupus, extra-renal lupus, discoid lupus and discoid lupus erythematosus, alopecia lupus, SLE, such as cutaneous SLE or subacute cutaneous SLE, neonatal lupus syndrome (NLE), and lupus erythematosus disseminatus, juvenile onset (Type I) diabetes mellitus, including pediatric IDDM, adult onset diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes), autoimmune diabetes, idiopathic diabetes insipidus, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic colitis, diabetic large-artery disorder, immune responses associated with acute and delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis including lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, agranulocytosis, vasculitides, including vasculitis, large-vessel vasculitis (including polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell (Takayasu's) arteritis), medium-vessel vasculitis (including Kawasaki's disease and polyarteritis nodosa/periarteritis nodosa), microscopic polyarteritis, immunovasculitis, CNS vasculitis, cutaneous vasculitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, necrotizing vasculitis such as systemic necrotizing vasculitis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis, such as Churg-Strauss vasculitis or syndrome (CSS) and ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis, temporal arteritis, aplastic anemia, autoimmune aplastic anemia, Coombs positive anemia, Diamond Blackfan anemia, hemolytic anemia or immune hemolytic anemia including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), pernicious anemia (anemia perniciosa), Addison's disease, pure red cell anemia or aplasia (PRCA), Factor VIII deficiency, hemophilia A, autoimmune neutropenia(s), cytopenias such as pancytopenia, leukopenia, diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis, CNS inflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple organ injury syndrome such as those secondary to septicemia, trauma or hemorrhage, antigen-antibody complex-mediated diseases, anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, motoneuritis, allergic neuritis, Behcet's disease/syndrome, Castleman's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, Reynaud's syndrome, Sjögren's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, pemphigoid such as pemphigoid bullous and skin pemphigoid, pemphigus (including pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus mucus-membrane pemphigoid, and pemphigus erythematosus), autoimmune polyendocrinopathies, Reiter's disease or syndrome, thermal injury due to an autoimmune condition, preeclampsia, an immune complex disorder such as immune complex nephritis, antibody-mediated nephritis, neuroinflammatory disorders, polyneuropathies, chronic neuropathy such as IgM polyneuropathies or IgM-mediated neuropathy, thrombocytopenia (as developed by myocardial infarction patients, for example), including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), post-transfusion purpura (PTP), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and autoimmune or immune-mediated thrombocytopenia including, for example, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) including chronic or acute ITP, scleritis such as idiopathic cerato-scleritis, episcleritis, autoimmune disease of the testis and ovary including autoimmune orchitis and oophoritis, primary hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, autoimmune endocrine diseases including thyroiditis such as autoimmune thyroiditis, Hashimoto's disease, chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), or subacute thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroid disease, idiopathic hypothyroidism, Grave's disease, polyglandular syndromes such as autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, for example, type I (or polyglandular endocrinopathy syndromes), paraneoplastic syndromes, including neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes such as Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome or Eaton-Lambert syndrome, stiff-man or stiff-person syndrome, encephalomyelitis such as allergic encephalomyelitis or encephalomyelitis allergica and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), myasthenia gravis such as thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis, cerebellar degeneration, neuromyotonia, opsoclonus or opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), and sensory neuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, Sheehan's syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, lupoid hepatitis, giant-cell hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis or autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, pneumonitis such as lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP), bronchiolitis obliterans (non-transplant) vs NSIP, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy), idiopathic IgA nephropathy, linear IgA dermatosis, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, transient acantholytic dermatosis, cirrhosis such as primary biliary cirrhosis and pneumonocirrhosis, autoimmune enteropathy syndrome, Celiac or Coeliac disease, celiac sprue (gluten enteropathy), refractory sprue, idiopathic sprue, cryoglobulinemia such as mixed cryoglobulinemia, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease), coronary artery disease, autoimmune ear disease such as autoinmiune inner ear disease (AIED), autoinmiune hearing loss, polychondritis such as refractory or relapsed or relapsing polychondritis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, Cogan's syndrome/nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis, Bell's palsy, Sweet's disease/syndrome, rosacea autoimmune, zoster-associated pain, amyloidosis, anon-cancerous lymphocytosis, a primary lymphocytosis, which includes monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis (e.g., benign monoclonal gammopathy and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, MGUS), peripheral neuropathy, paraneoplastic syndrome, channelopathies such as epilepsy, migraine, arrhythmia, muscular disorders, deafness, blindness, periodic paralysis, and channelopathies of the CNS, autism, inflammatory myopathy, focal or segmental or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), endocrine ophthalmopathy, uveoretinitis, chorioretinitis, autoimmune hepatological disorder, fibromyalgia, multiple endocrine failure, Schmidt's syndrome, adrenalitis, gastric atrophy, presenile dementia, demyelinating diseases such as autoimmune demyelinating diseases and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Dressler's syndrome, alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia), male and female autoimmune infertility, e.g., due to anti-spermatozoan antibodies, mixed connective tissue disease, Chagas' disease, rheumatic fever, recurrent abortion, farmer's lung, erythema multiforme, post-cardiotomy syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, bird-fancier's lung, allergic granulomatous angiitis, benign lymphocytic angiitis, Alport's syndrome, alveolitis such as allergic alveolitis and fibrosing alveolitis, interstitial lung disease, transfusion reaction, leprosy, malaria, parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis, kypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, ascariasis, aspergillosis, Sampter's syndrome, Caplan's syndrome, dengue, endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis, diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung fibrosis, fibrosing mediastinitis, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, endophthalmitis, erythema elevatum et diutinum, erythroblastosis fetalis, eosinophilic faciitis, Shulman's syndrome, Felty's syndrome, flariasis, cyclitis such as chronic cyclitis, heterochronic cyclitis, iridocyclitis (acute or chronic), or Fuch's cyclitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, SCID, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), echovirus infection, sepsis (systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)), endotoxemia, pancreatitis, thyroxicosis, parvovirus infection, rubella virus infection, post-vaccination syndromes, congenital rubella infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, mumps, Evan's syndrome, autoimmune gonadal failure, Sydenham's chorea, post-streptococcal nephritis, thromboangitis ubiterans, thyrotoxicosis, tabes dorsalis, chorioiditis, giant-cell polymyalgia, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, conjunctivitis, such as vernal catarrh, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, idiopathic nephritic syndrome, minimal change nephropathy, benign familial and ischemia-reperfusion injury, transplant organ reperfusion, retinal autoimmunity, joint inflammation, bronchitis, chronic obstructive airway/pulmonary disease, silicosis, aphthae, aphthous stomatitis, arteriosclerotic disorders (cerebral vascular insufficiency) such as arteriosclerotic encephalopathy and arteriosclerotic retinopathy, aspermiogenese, autoimmune hemolysis, Boeck's disease, cryoglobulinemia, Dupuytren's contracture, endophthalmia phacoanaphylactica, enteritis allergica, erythema nodosum leprosum, idiopathic facial paralysis, chronic fatigue syndrome, febris rheumatica, Hamman-Rich's disease, sensoneural hearing loss, haemoglobinuria paroxysmatica, hypogonadism, ileitis regionalis, leucopenia, mononucleosis infectiosa, traverse myelitis, primary idiopathic myxedema, nephrosis, ophthalmia symphatica, orchitis granulomatosa, pancreatitis, polyradiculitis acuta, pyoderma gangrenosum, Quervain's thyreoiditis, acquired spenic atrophy, non-malignant thymoma, lymphofollicular thymitis, vitiligo, toxic-shock syndrome, food poisoning, conditions involving infiltration of T cells, leukocyte-adhesion deficiency, immune responses associated with acute and delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes, diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis, multiple organ injury syndrome, antigen-antibody complex-mediated diseases, antiglomerular basement membrane disease, autoimmune polyendocrinopathies, oophoritis, primary myxedema, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, sympathetic ophthalmia, rheumatic diseases, mixed connective tissue disease, nephrotic syndrome, insulitis, polyendocrine failure, autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, including polyglandular syndrome type I, adult-onset idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (AOIH), cardiomyopathy such as dilated cardiomyopathy, epidermolisis bullosa acquisita (EBA), hemochromatosis, myocarditis, nephrotic syndrome, primary sclerosing cholangitis, purulent or nonpurulent sinusitis, acute or chronic sinusitis, ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, or sphenoid sinusitis, allergic sinusitis, an eosinophil-related disorder such as eosinophilia, pulmonary infiltration eosinophilia, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, Loffler's syndrome, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, bronchopneumonic aspergillosis, aspergilloma, or granulomas containing eosinophils, anaphylaxis, spondyloarthropathies, seronegative spondyloarthritides, polyendocrine autoimmune disease, sclerosing cholangitis, sclera, episclera, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Bruton's syndrome, transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia syndrome, angiectasis, autoimmune disorders associated with collagen disease, rheumatism such as chronic arthrorheumatism, lymphadenitis, reduction in blood pressure response, vascular dysfunction, tissue injury, cardiovascular ischemia, hyperalgesia, renal ischemia, cerebral ischemia, and disease accompanying vascularization, allergic hypersensitivity disorders, glomerulonephritides, reperfusion injury, ischemic re-perfusion disorder, reperfusion injury of myocardial or other tissues, lymphomatous tracheobronchitis, inflammatory dermatoses, dermatoses with acute inflammatory components, multiple organ failure, bullous diseases, renal cortical necrosis, acute purulent meningitis or other central nervous system inflammatory disorders, ocular and orbital inflammatory disorders, granulocyte transfusion-associated syndromes, cytokine-induced toxicity, narcolepsy, acute serious inflammation, chronic intractable inflammation, pyelitis, endarterial hyperplasia, peptic ulcer, valvulitis, and endometriosis.

The phrase “anxiety related disorders” refers to disorders of anxiety, mood, and substance abuse, including but not limited to: depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Such disorders include the mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, social anxiety, autism, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, monopolar disorders, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder, enhancement of cognitive function, loss of cognitive function associated with but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or traumatic injury to the brain, seizures resulting from disease or injury including but not limited to epilepsy, learning disorders/disabilities, cerebral palsy. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

The term “lipid metabolic disorder” refers to abnormal clinical chemistry levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, wherein elevated levels of these lipids is an indication for atherosclerosis. Additionally, abnormal serum lipid levels may be an indication of various cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, stroke, coronary artery diseases, diabetes and/or obesity.

The phrase “eye abnormality” refers to such potential disorders of the eye as they may be related to atherosclerosis or various ophthalmological abnormalities. Such disorders include but are not limited to the following: retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, restenosis, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis. Cataracts are also considered an eye abnormality and are associated with such systemic diseases as: Human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15 condition, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypothroidisms, or Conradi syndrome. Other ocular developmental anomalies include: Aniridia, anterior segment and dysgenesis syndrome. Cataracts may also occur as a result of an intraocular infection or inflammation (uveitis).

A “growth inhibitory amount” of an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptide or PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecule is an amount capable of inhibiting the growth of a cell, especially tumor, e.g., cancer cell, either in vitro or in vivo. A “growth inhibitory amount” of an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptide or PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecule for purposes of inhibiting neoplastic cell growth may be determined empirically and in a routine manner.

A “cytotoxic amount” of an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptide or PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecule is an amount capable of causing the destruction of a cell, especially tumor, e.g., cancer cell, either in vitro or in vivo. A “cytotoxic amount” of an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptide or PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecule for purposes of inhibiting neoplastic cell growth may be determined empirically and in a routine manner.

The term “antibody” is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers, for example, single anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody monoclonal antibodies (including agonist, antagonist, and neutralizing antibodies), anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody compositions with polyepitopic specificity, polyclonal antibodies, single chain anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies, and fragments of anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies (see below) as long as they exhibit the desired biological or immunological activity. The term “immunoglobulin” (Ig) is used interchangeable with antibody herein.

An “isolated antibody” is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components ofits natural environment are materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes. The invention provides that the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step.

The basic 4-chain antibody unit is a heterotetrameric glycoprotein composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains (an IgM antibody consists of 5 of the basic heterotetramer unit along with an additional polypeptide called J chain, and therefore contain 10 antigen binding sites, while secreted IgA antibodies can polymerize to form polyvalent assemblages comprising 2-5 of the basic 4-chain units along with J chain). In the case of IgGs, the 4-chain unit is generally about 150,000 daltons. Each L chain is linked to a H chain by one covalent disulfide bond, while the two H chains are linked to each other by one or more disulfide bonds depending on the H chain isotype. Each H and L chain also has regularly spaced intrachain disulfide bridges. Each H chain has at the N-terminus, a variable domain (V_(H)) followed by three constant domains (C_(H)) for each of the α and γ chains and four C_(H) domains for μ and ε isotypes. Each L chain has at the N-terminus, a variable domain (V_(L)) followed by a constant domain (C_(L)) at its other end. The V_(L) is aligned with the V_(H) and the C_(L) is aligned with the first constant domain of the heavy chain (C_(H)1). Particular amino acid residues are believed to form an interface between the light chain and heavy chain variable domains. The pairing of a V_(H) and V_(L) together forms a single antigen-binding site. For the structure and properties of the different classes of antibodies, see, e.g., Basic and Clinical Immunology, 8th edition, Daniel P. Stites, Abba I. Terr and Tristram G. Parslow (eds.), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn., 1994, page 71 and Chapter 6.

The L chain from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa and lambda, based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains. Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of their heavy chains (C_(II)), immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes or isotypes. There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, having heavy chains designated α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively. The γ and α classes are further divided into subclasses on the basis of relatively minor differences in C_(H) sequence and function, e.g., humans express the following subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2.

The term “variable” refers to the fact that certain segments of the variable domains differ extensively in sequence among antibodies. The V domain mediates antigen binding and define specificity of a particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not evenly distributed across the 110-amino acid span of the variable domains. Instead, the V regions consist of relatively invariant stretches called framework regions (FRs) of 15-30 amino acids separated by shorter regions of extreme variability called “hypervariable regions” that are each 9-12 amino acids long. The variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FRs, largely adopting a β-sheet configuration, connected by three hypervariable regions, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the β-sheet structure. The hypervariable regions in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the hypervariable regions from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies (see Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). The constant domains are not involved directly in binding an antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector functions, such as participation of the antibody in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

The term “hypervariable region” when used herein refers to the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for antigen-binding. The hypervariable region generally comprises amino acid residues from a “complementarity determining region” or “CDR” (e.g. around about residues 24-34 (L1), 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) in the V_(L), and around about 1-35 (H1), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the V_(H); Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)) and/or those residues from a “hypervariable loop” (e.g. residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the V_(L), and 26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2) and 96-101 (H3) in the V_(H); Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)).

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations which include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they may be synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies. The modifier “monoclonal” is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies useful in the present invention may be prepared by the hybridoma methodology first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made using recombinant DNA methods in bacterial, eukaryotic animal or plant cells (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). The “monoclonal antibodies” may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991), for example.

The monoclonal antibodies herein include “chimeric” antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855 (1984)). Chimeric antibodies of interest herein include “primatized” antibodies comprising variable domain antigen-binding sequences derived from a non-human primate (e.g. Old World Monkey, Ape etc), and human constant region sequences.

An “intact” antibody is one which comprises an antigen-binding site as well as a C_(T), and at least heavy chain constant domains, C_(H)1, C_(H) 2 and C_(H) 3. The constant domains may be native sequence constant domains (e.g. human native sequence constant domains) or amino acid sequence variant thereof. Preferably, the intact antibody has one or more effector functions.

“Antibody fragments” comprise a portion of an intact antibody, preferably the antigen binding or variable region of the intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870, Example 2; Zapata et al., Protein Eng. 8(10): 1057-1062 [1995]); single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.

Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-binding fragments, called “Fab” fragments, and a residual “Fc” fragment, a designation reflecting the ability to crystallize readily. The Fab fragment consists of an entire L chain along with the variable region domain of the H chain (V_(H)), and the first constant domain of one heavy chain (C_(H) 1). Each Fab fragment is monovalent with respect to antigen binding, i.e., it has a single antigen-binding site. Pepsin treatment of an antibody yields a single large F(ab′)₂ fragment which roughly corresponds to two disulfide linked Fab fragments having divalent antigen-binding activity and is still capable of cross-linking antigen. Fab′ fragments differ from Fab fragments by having additional few residues at the carboxy terminus of the C_(H)1 domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region. Fab′-SH is the designation herein for Fab′ in which the cysteine residue(s) of the constant domains bear a free thiol group. F(ab′)₂ antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab′ fragments which have hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known.

The Fc fragment comprises the carboxy-terminal portions of both H chains held together by disulfides.

The effector functions of antibodies are determined by sequences in the Fc region, which region is also the part recognized by Fc receptors (FcR) found on certain types of cells.

“Fv” is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen-recognition and -binding site. This fragment consists of a dimer of one heavy- and one light-chain variable region domain in tight, non-covalent association. From the folding of these two domains emanate six hypervariable loops (3 loops each from the H and L chain) that contribute the amino acid residues for antigen binding and confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) has the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although at a lower affinity than the entire binding site.

“Single-chain Fv” also abbreviated as “sFv” or “scFv” are antibody fragments that comprise the V_(H) and V_(L) antibody domains connected into a single polypeptide chain. Preferably, the sFv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the V_(H) and V_(L) domains which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding. For a review of sFv, see Pluckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315 (1994); Borrebaeck 1995, infra.

The term “diabodies” refers to small antibody fragments prepared by constructing sFv fragments (see preceding paragraph) with short linkers (about 5-10 residues) between the V_(H) and V_(L) domains such that inter-chain but not intra-chain pairing of the V domains is achieved, resulting in a bivalent fragment, i.e., fragment having two antigen-binding sites. Bispecific diabodies are heterodimers of two “crossover” sFv fragments in which the V_(H) and V_(L) domains of the two antibodies are present on different polypeptide chains. Diabodics are described more fully in, for example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:6444-6448 (1993).

“Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g., rodent) antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from the non-human antibody. For the most part, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or non-human primate having the desired antibody specificity, affinity, and capability. In some instances, framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, humanized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. For further details, see Jones et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-329 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596 (1992).

A “species-dependent antibody,” e.g., a mammalian anti-human IgE antibody, is an antibody which has a stronger binding affinity for an antigen from a first mammalian species than it has for a homologue of that antigen from a second mammalian species. Normally, the species-dependent antibody “bind specifically” to a human antigen (i.e., has a binding affinity (Kd) value of no more than about 1×10⁻⁷ M, preferably no more than about 1×10⁻⁸ and most preferably no more than about 1×10⁻⁹ M) but has a binding affinity for a homologue of the antigen from a second non-human mammalian species which is at least about 50 fold, or at least about 500 fold, or at least about 1000 fold, weaker than its binding affinity for the human antigen. The species-dependent antibody can be of any of the various types of antibodies as defined above, but preferably is a humanized or human antibody.

A “PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptide” is an oligopeptide that binds, preferably specifically, to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as described herein. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptides may be chemically synthesized using known oligopeptide synthesis methodology or may be prepared and purified using recombinant technology. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptides usually are or are at least about 5 amino acids in length, alternatively are or are at least about 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 amino acids in length or more, wherein such oligopeptides that are capable of binding, preferably specifically, to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as described herein. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding oligopeptides may be identified without undue experimentation using well known techniques. In this regard, it is noted that techniques for screening oligopeptide libraries for oligopeptides that are capable of specifically binding to a polypeptide target are well known in the art (sec, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,556,762, 5,750,373, 4,708,871, 4,833,092, 5,223,409, 5,403,484, 5,571,689, 5,663,143; PCT Publication Nos. WO 84/03506 and WO84/03564; Geysen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81:3998-4002 (1984); Geysen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82:178-182 (1985); Geysen et al., in Synthetic Peptides as Antigens, 130-149 (1986); Geysen et al., J. Immunol. Meth., 102:259-274 (1987); Schoofs et al., J. Immunol., 140:611-616 (1988), Cwirla, S. E. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6378; Lowman, H. B. et al. (1991) Biochemistry, 30:10832; Clackson, T. et al. (1991) Nature, 352: 624; Marks, J. D. et al. (1991), J. Mol. Biol., 222:581; Kang, A. S. et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:8363, and Smith, G. P. (1991) Current Opin. Biotechnol., 2:668).

A “PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecule” is an organic molecule other than an oligopeptide or antibody as defined herein that binds, preferably specifically, to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as described herein. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecules may be identified and chemically synthesized using known methodology (see, e.g., PCT Publication Nos. WO00/00823 and WO00/39585). PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding organic molecules are usually less than about 2000 daltons in size, alternatively less than about 1500, 750, 500, 250 or 200 daltons in size, wherein such organic molecules that are capable of binding, preferably specifically, to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as described herein may be identified without undue experimentation using well known techniques. In this regard, it is noted that techniques for screening organic molecule libraries for molecules that are capable of binding to a polypeptide target are well known in the art (see, e.g., PCT Publication Nos. WO00/00823 and WO00/39585).

An antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule “which binds” an antigen of interest, e.g. a tumor-associated polypeptide antigen target, is one that binds the antigen with sufficient affinity such that the antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule is preferably useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting a cell or tissue expressing the antigen, and does not significantly cross-react with other proteins. The extent of binding of the antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule to a “non-target” protein will be less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule to its particular target protein as determined by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or radioimmunoprecipitation (RIA). With regard to the binding of an antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule to a target molecule, the term “specific binding” or “specifically binds to” or is “specific for” a particular polypeptide or an epitope on a particular polypeptide target means binding that is measurably different from a non-specific interaction. Specific binding can be measured, for example, by determining binding of a molecule compared to binding of a control molecule, which generally is a molecule of similar structure that does not have binding activity. For example, specific binding can be determined by competition with a control molecule that is similar to the target, for example, an excess of non-labeled target. In this case, specific binding is indicated if the binding of the labeled target to a probe is competitively inhibited by excess unlabeled target. The term “specific binding” or “specifically binds to” or is “specific for” a particular polypeptide or an epitope on a particular polypeptide target as used herein can be exhibited, for example, by a molecule having a Kd for the target of at least about 10⁻⁴M, alternatively at least about 10⁻⁵ M, alternatively at least about 10⁻⁶ M, alternatively at least about 10⁻⁷ M, alternatively at least about 10⁻⁸ M, alternatively at least about 10⁻⁹ M, alternatively at least about 10⁻¹⁰ M, alternatively at least about 10⁻¹¹ M, alternatively at least about 10⁻¹² M, or greater. The term “specific binding” refers to binding where a molecule binds to a particular polypeptide or epitope on a particular polypeptide without substantially binding to any other polypeptide or polypeptide epitope.

An antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule that “inhibits the growth of tumor cells expressing a “PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370” or a “growth inhibitory” antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule is one which results in measurable growth inhibition of cancer cells expressing or overexpressing the appropriate PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be a transmembrane polypeptide expressed on the surface of a cancer cell or may be a polypeptide that is produced and secreted by a cancer cell. Preferred growth inhibitory anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies, oligopeptides or organic molecules inhibit growth of PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-expressing tumor cells by or by greater than 20%, preferably from about 20% to about 50%, and even more preferably, by or by greater than 50% (e.g., from about 50% to about 100%) as compared to the appropriate control, the control typically being tumor cells not treated with the antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule being tested. Growth inhibition can be measured at an antibody concentration of about 0.1 to 30 mg/ml or about 0.5 nM to 200 nM in cell culture, where the growth inhibition is determined 1-10 days after exposure of the tumor cells to the antibody. Growth inhibition of tumor cells in vivo can be determined in various ways. The antibody is growth inhibitory in vivo if administration of the anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody at about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg body weight results in reduction in tumor size or tumor cell proliferation within about 5 days to 3 months from the first administration of the antibody, preferably within about 5 to 30 days.

An antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule which “induces apoptosis” is one which induces programmed cell death as determined by binding of annexin V, fragmentation of DNA, cell shrinkage, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, cell fragmentation, and/or formation of membrane vesicles (called apoptotic bodies). The cell is usually one which overexpresses a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Preferably the cell is a tumor cell, e.g., a prostate, breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, lung, kidney, colon, bladder cell. Various methods are available for evaluating the cellular events associated with apoptosis. For example, phosphatidyl serine (PS) translocation can be measured by annexin binding; DNA fragmentation can be evaluated through DNA laddering; and nuclear/chromatin condensation along with DNA fragmentation can be evaluated by any increase in hypodiploid cells. Preferably, the antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule which induces apoptosis is one which results in or in about 2 to 50 fold, preferably in or in about 5 to 50 fold, and most preferably in or in about 10 to 50 fold, induction of annexin binding relative to untreated cell in an annexin binding assay.

Antibody “effector functions” refer to those biological activities attributable to the Fc region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody, and vary with the antibody isotype. Examples of antibody effector functions include: C1q binding and complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptor); and B cell activation.

“Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” or “ADCC” refers to a form of cytotoxicity in which secreted Ig bound onto Fc receptors (FcRs) present on certain cytotoxic cells (e.g., Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) enable these cytotoxic effector cells to bind specifically to an antigen-bearing target cell and subsequently kill the target cell with cytotoxins. The antibodies “arm” the cytotoxic cells and are absolutely required for such killing. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express FcγRIII only, whereas monocytes express FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII. FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-92 (1991). To assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest, an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337 may be performed. Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:652-656 (1998).

“Fc receptor” or “FcR” describes a receptor that binds to the Fc region of an antibody. The preferred FcR is a native sequence human FcR. Moreover, a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of the FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors. FcγRII receptors include FcγRIIA (an “activating receptor”) and FcγRIIB (an “inhibiting receptor”), which have similar amino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof. Activating receptor FcγRIIA contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain Inhibiting receptor FcγRIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain. (see review M. in Daëron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997)). FcRs are reviewed in Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-492 (1991); Capel et al., Immunomethods 4:25-34 (1994); and de Haas et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 126:330-41 (1995). Other FcRs, including those to be identified in the future, are encompassed by the term “FcR” herein. The term also includes the neonatal receptor, FcRn, which is responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus (Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 117:587 (1976) and Kim et al., J. Immunol. 24:249 (1994)).

“Human effector cells” are leukocytes which express one or more FcRs and perform effector functions. Preferably, the cells express at least FcγRIII and perform ADCC effector function. Examples of human leukocytes which mediate ADCC include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils; with PBMCs and NK cells being preferred. The effector cells may be isolated from a native source, e.g., from blood.

“Complement dependent cytotoxicity” or “CDC” refers to the lysis of a target cell in the presence of complement. Activation of the classical complement pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system (C1q) to antibodies (of the appropriate subclass) which are bound to their cognate antigen. To assess complement activation, a CDC assay, e.g., as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods 202:163 (1996), may be performed.

The terms “cancer” and “cancerous” refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer, lung cancer (including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and squamous carcinoma of the lung), cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer (including gastrointestinal cancer), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma and various types of head and neck cancer, as well as B-cell lymphoma (including low grade/follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL); small lymphocytic (SL) NHL; intermediate grade/follicular NHL; intermediate grade diffuse NHL; high grade immunoblastic NHL; high grade lymphoblastic NHL; high grade small non-cleaved cell NHL; bulky disease NHL; mantle cell lymphoma; AIDS-related lymphoma; and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia); chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); Hairy cell leukemia; chronic myeloblastic leukemia; and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Preferably, the cancer comprises a tumor that expresses an IGF receptor, more preferably breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, or prostate cancer, and most preferably breast or prostate cancer.

A “chemotherapeutic agent” is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN® cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan); bryostatin; callystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues); cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin gamma1I and calicheamicin omegaI1 (see, e.g., Agnew, Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl., 33: 183-186 (1994)); dynemicin, including dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycin, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, ADRIAMYCIN® doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elfornithine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK® polysaccharide complex (JHS Natural Products, Eugene, Oreg.); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofuran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, e.g., TAXOL® paclitaxel (Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.), ABRAXANE™ Cremophor-free, albumin-engineered nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel (American Pharmaceutical Partners, Schaumberg, Ill.), and TAXOTERE® doxetaxel (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); chloranbucil; GEMZAR® gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; NAVELBINE® vinorelbine; novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; capecitabine; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above.

Also included in this definition are anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including, for example, tamoxifen (including NOLVADEX® tamoxifen), raloxifene, droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and FARESTON•toremifene; aromatase inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen production in the adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, MEGASE® megestrol acetate, AROMASIN® exemestane, formestanie, fadrozole, RIVISOR® vorozole, FEMARA® letrozole, and ARIMIDEX® anastrozole; and anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; as well as troxacitabine (a 1,3-dioxolane nucleoside cytosine analog); antisense oligonucleotides, particularly those which inhibit expression of genes in signaling pathways implicated in abherant cell proliferation, such as, for example, PKC-alpha, Ralf and H-Ras; ribozymes such as a VEGF expression inhibitor (e.g., ANGIOZYME® ribozyme) and a HER2 expression inhibitor; vaccines such as gene therapy vaccines, for example, ALLOVECTIN® vaccine, LEUVECTIN® vaccine, and VAXID® vaccine; PROLEUKIN®-2; LURTOTECAN® topoisomerase 1 inhibitor; ABARELIX® rmRH; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above.

The terms “cell proliferative disorder” and “proliferative disorder” refer to disorders that are associated with some degree of abnormal cell proliferation. In one aspect of the invention, the cell proliferative disorder is cancer.

“Tumor”, as used herein, refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.

An antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule which “induces cell death” is one which causes a viable cell to become nonviable. The cell is one which expresses a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, preferably a cell that overexpresses a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as compared to a normal cell of the same tissue type. The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be a transmembrane polypeptide expressed on the surface of a cancer cell or may be a polypeptide that is produced and secreted by a cancer cell. Preferably, the cell is a cancer cell, e.g., a breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, salivary gland, lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreatic or bladder cell. Cell death in vitro may be determined in the absence of complement and immune effector cells to distinguish cell death induced by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Thus, the assay for cell death may be performed using heat inactivated scrum (i.e., in the absence of complement) and in the absence of immune effector cells. To determine whether the antibody, oligopeptide or other organic molecule is able to induce cell death, loss of membrane integrity as evaluated by uptake of propidium iodide (PI), trypan blue (see Moore et al. Cytotechnology 17:1-11 (1995)) or 7AAD can be assessed relative to untreated cells. Preferred cell death-inducing antibodies, oligopeptides or other organic molecules are those which induce PI uptake in the PI uptake assay in BT474 cells.

As used herein, the term “immunoadhesion” designates antibody-like molecules which combine the binding specificity of a heterologous protein (an “adhesion”) with the effector functions of immunoglobulin constant domains. Structurally, the immunoadhesions comprise a fusion of an amino acid sequence with the desired binding specificity which is other than the antigen recognition and binding site of an antibody (i.e., is “heterologous”), and an immunoglobulin constant domain sequence. The adhesion part of an immunoadhesion molecule typically is a contiguous amino acid sequence comprising at least the binding site of a receptor or a ligand. The immunoglobulin constant domain sequence in the inumnoadhesion may be obtained from any immunoglobulin, such as IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3, or IgG-4 subtypes, IgA (including IgA-1 and IgA-2), IgE, IgD or IgM.

The word “label” when used herein refers to a detectable compound or composition which is conjugated directly or indirectly to the antibody so as to generate a “labeled” antibody. The label may be detectable by itself (e.g. radioisotope labels or fluorescent labels) or, in the case of an enzymatic label, may catalyze chemical alteration of a substrate compound or composition which is detectable.

“Replication-preventing agent” is an agent wherein replication, function, and/or growth of the cells is inhibited or prevented, or cells are destroyed, no matter what the mechanism, such as by apoptosis, angiostasis, cytosis, tumoricide, mytosis inhibition, blocking cell cycle progression, arresting cell growth, binding to tumors, acting as cellular mediators, etc. Such agents include a chemotherapeutic agent, cytotoxic agent, cytokine, growth-inhibitory agent, or anti-hormonal agent, e.g., an anti-estrogen compound such as tamoxifen, an anti-progesterone such as onapristone (sec, EP 616 812); or an anti-androgen such as flutamide, as well as aromidase inhibitors, or a hormonal agent such as an androgen. The term “cytotoxic agent” as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells. The term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g., At²¹¹, I¹³¹, I¹²⁵, Y⁹⁰, Rc¹⁸⁶, Rc¹⁸⁸, Sm¹⁵³, Bi²¹², P³² and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents e.g. methotrexate, adriamicin, vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide), doxorubicin, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, daunorubicin or other intercalating agents, enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolytic enzymes, antibiotics, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof, and the various antitumor or anticancer agents disclosed below. Other cytotoxic agents are described below. A tumoricidal agent causes destruction of tumor cells.

Preferred cytotoxic agents herein for the specific tumor types to use in combination with the antagonists herein are as follows:

1. Prostate cancer: androgens, docetaxel, paclitaxel, estramustine, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, antibodies to ErbB2 domain(s) such as 2C4 (WO 01/00245; hybridoma ATCC HB-12697), which binds to a region in the extracellular domain of ErbB2 (e.g., any one or more residues in the region from about residue 22 to about residue 584 of ErbB2, inclusive), AVASTIN™ anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TARCEVA™ OSI-774 (erlotinib) (Genentech and OSI Pharmaceuticals), or other epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKI's). 2. Stomach cancer: 5-fluorouracil (5FU), XELODA™ capecitabine, methotrexate, etoposide, cisplatin/carboplatin, pacliitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, doxorubicin, and CPT-11 (camptothecin-11; irinotecan, USA Brand Name: CAMPTOSAR®). 3. Pancreatic cancer: gemcitabine, 5FU, XELODA™ capecitabine, CPT-11, docetaxel, paclitaxel, cisplatin, carboplatin, TARCEVA™ erlotinib, and other EGFR TKI's. 4. Colorectal cancer: 5FU, XELODA™ capecitabine, CPT-11, oxaliplatin, AVASTIN™ anti-VEGF, TARCEVA™ erlotinib and other EGFR TKI's, and ERBITUX™ (formerly known as IMC-C225) human:murine-chimerized monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR and blocks the ability of EGF to initiate receptor activation and signaling to the tumor. 5. Renal cancer: IL-2, interferon alpha, AVASTIN™ anti-VEGF, MEGACE™ (Megestrol acetate) progestin, vinblastine, TARCEVA™ erlotinib, and other EGFR TKI's.

A “growth inhibitory agent” when used herein refers to a compound or composition which inhibits growth of a cell, especially a PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-expressing cancer cell, either in vitro or in vivo. Thus, the growth inhibitory agent may be one which significantly reduces the percentage of PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-expressing cells in S phase. Examples of growth inhibitory agents include agents that block cell cycle progression (at a place other than S phase), such as agents that induce G1 arrest and M-phase arrest. Classical M-phase blockers include the vincas (vincristine and vinblastine), taxanes, and topoisomerase II inhibitors such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, etoposide, and bleomycin. Those agents that arrest G1 also spill over into S-phase arrest, for example, DNA alkylating agents such as tamoxifen, prednisone, dacarbazine, mechlorethamine, cisplatin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and ara-C. Further information can be found in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, Mendelsohn and Israel, eds., Chapter 1, entitled “Cell cycle regulation, oncogenes, and antineoplastic drugs” by Murakami et al. (WB Saunders: Philadelphia, 1995), especially p. 13. The taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) are anticancer drugs both derived from the yewtree. Docetaxel (TAXOTERE®, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer), derived from the European yew, is a semisynthetic analogue of paclitaxel (TAXOL®, Bristol-Myers Squibb). Paclitaxel and docetaxel promote the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilize microtubules by preventing depolymerization, which results in the inhibition of mitosis in cells.

“Doxorubicin” is an anthracycline antibiotic. The full chemical name of doxorubicin is (8S-cis)-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexapyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-5,12-naphthacenedione.

The term “cytokine” is a generic term for proteins released by one cell population which act on another cell as intercellular mediators. Examples of such cytokines are lymphokines, monokines, and traditional polypeptide hormones. Included among the cytokines are growth hormone such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental lactogen; tumor necrosis factor-α and -β; mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as NGF-β; platelet-growth factor; transforming growth factors (TGFs) such as TGF-α and TGF-β; insulin-like growth factor-I and -II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors; interferons such as interferon-α, -β, and -γ; colony stimulating factors (CSFs) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF); interleukins (ILs) such as IL-1, IL-1a, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-11, IL-12; a tumor necrosis factor such as TNF-α or TNF-β; and other polypeptide factors including LIF and kit ligand (KL). As used herein, the term cytokine includes proteins from natural sources or from recombinant cell culture and biologically active equivalents of the native sequence cytokines.

The term “package insert” is used to refer to instructions customarily included in commercial packages of therapeutic products, that contain information about the indications, usage, dosage, administration, contraindications and/or warnings concerning the use of such therapeutic products.

The term “gene” refers to (a) a gene containing at least one of the DNA sequences disclosed herein; (b) any DNA sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA sequences disclosed herein and/or; (c) any DNA sequence that hybridizes to the complement of the coding sequences disclosed herein. Preferably, the term includes coding as well as noncoding regions, and preferably includes all sequences necessary for normal gene expression.

The term “gene targeting” refers to a type of homologous recombination that occurs when a fragment of genomic DNA is introduced into a mammalian cell and that fragment locates and recombines with endogenous homologous sequences. Gene targeting by homologous recombination employs recombinant DNA technologies to replace specific genomic sequences with exogenous DNA of particular design.

The term “homologous recombination” refers to the exchange of DNA fragments between two DNA molecules or chromatids at the site of homologous nucleotide sequences.

The term “target gene” (alternatively referred to as “target gene sequence” or “target DNA sequence”) refers to any nucleic acid molecule, polynucleotide, or gene to be modified by homologous recombination. The target sequence includes an intact gene, an exon or intron, a regulatory sequence or any region between genes. The target gene my comprise a portion of a particular gene or genetic locus in the individual's genomic DNA.

“Disruption” of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene occurs when a fragment of genomic DNA locates and recombines with an endogenous homologous sequence wherein the disruption is a deletion of the native gene or a portion thereof, or a mutation in the native gene or wherein the disruption is the functional inactivation of the native gene. Alternatively, sequence disruptions may be generated by nonspecific insertional inactivation using a gene trap vector (i.e. non-human transgenic animals containing and expressing a randomly inserted transgene; see for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,707 issued Aug. 20, 2002). These sequence disruptions or modifications may include insertions, missense, frameshift, deletion, or substitutions, or replacements of DNA sequence, or any combination thereof. Insertions include the insertion of entire genes, which may be of animal, plant, fungal, insect, prokaryotic, or viral origin. Disruption, for example, can alter the normal gene product by inhibiting its production partially or completely or by enhancing the normal gene product's activity. Preferably, the disruption is a null disruption, wherein there is no significant expression of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene.

The term “native expression” refers to the expression of the full-length polypeptide encoded by the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene, at expression levels present in the wild-type mouse. Thus, a disruption in which there is “no native expression” of the endogenous PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene refers to a partial or complete reduction of the expression of at least a portion of a polypeptide encoded by an endogenous PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene of a single cell, selected cells, or all of the cells of a mammal.

The term “knockout” refers to the disruption of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene wherein the disruption results in: the functional inactivation of the native gene; the deletion of the native gene or a portion thereof; or a mutation in the native gene.

The term “knock-in” refers to the replacement of the mouse ortholog (or other mouse gene) with a human cDNA encoding any of the specific human PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-encoding genes or variants thereof (ie. the disruption results in a replacement of a native mouse gene with a native human gene).

The term “construct” or “targeting construct” refers to an artificially assembled DNA segment to be transferred into a target tissue, cell line or animal. Typically, the targeting construct will include a gene or a nucleic acid sequence of particular interest, a marker gene and appropriate control sequences. As provided herein, the targeting construct comprises a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 targeting construct. A “PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 targeting construct” includes a DNA sequence homologous to at least one portion of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene and is capable of producing a disruption in a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene in a host cell.

The term “transgenic cell” refers to a cell containing within its genome a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene that has been disrupted, modified, altered, or replaced completely or partially by the method of gene targeting.

The term “transgenic animal” refers to an animal that contains within its genome a specific gene that has been disrupted or otherwise modified or mutated by the methods described herein or methods otherwise well known in the art. Preferably the non-human transgenic animal is a mammal. More preferably, the mammal is a rodent such as a rat or mouse. In addition, a “transgenic animal” may be a heterozygous animal (i.e., one defective allele and one wild-type allele) or a homozygous animal (i.e., two defective alleles). An embryo is considered to fall within the definition of an animal. The provision of an animal includes the provision of an embryo or foetus in utero, whether by mating or otherwise, and whether or not the embryo goes to terra.

As used herein, the terms “selective marker” and position selection marker” refer to a gene encoding a product that enables only the cells that carry the gene to survive and/or grow under certain conditions. For example, plant and animal cells that express the introduced neomycin resistance (Neo^(r)) gene are resistant to the compound G418. Cells that do not carry the Neo^(r) gene marker are killed by G418. Other positive selection markers are known to, or are within the purview of, those of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “modulates” or “modulation” as used herein refers to the decrease, inhibition, reduction, amelioration, increase or enhancement of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene function, expression, activity, or alternatively a phenotype associated with PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene.

The term “ameliorates” or “amelioration” as used herein refers to a decrease, reduction or elimination of a condition, disease, disorder, or phenotype, including an abnormality or symptom.

The term “abnormality” refers to any disease, disorder, condition, or phenotype in which PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 is implicated, including pathological conditions and behavioral observations.

TABLE 1 /*  *  * C-C increased from 12 to 15  * Z is average of EQ  * B is average of ND  * match with stop is _M; stop−stop = 0; J (joker) match = 0  */ #define _M −8 /* value of a match with a stop */ int _day[26][26] = { /* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z */ /* A */ { 2, 0,−2, 0, 0,−4, 1,−1,−1, 0,−1,−2,−1, 0,_M, 1, 0,−2, 1, 1, 0, 0,−6, 0,−3, 0}, /* B */ { 0, 3,−4, 3, 2,−5, 0, 1,−2, 0, 0,−3,−2, 2,_M,−1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,−2,−5, 0,−3, 1}, /* C */ {−2, −4,15,−5,−5,−4,−3,−3,−2, 0,−5,−6,−5,−4,_M,−3,−5,−4, 0,−2, 0,−2,−8, 0, 0,−5}, /* D */ { 0, 3,−5, 4, 3,−6, 1, 1,−2, 0, 0,−4,−3, 2,_M,−1, 2,−1, 0, 0, 0,−2,−7, 0,−4, 2}, /* E */ { 0, 2,−5, 3, 4,−5, 0, 1,−2, 0, 0,−3,−2, 1,_M,−1, 2,−1, 0, 0, 0,−2,−7, 0,−4, 3}, /* F */ {−4,−5,−4,−6,−5, 9,−5,−2, 1, 0,−5, 2, 0,−4,_M,−5,−5,−4,−3,−3, 0,−1, 0, 0, 7,−5}, /* G */ { 1, 0,−3, 1, 0,−5, 5,−2,−3, 0,−2,−4,−3, 0,_M,−1,−1,−3, 1, 0, 0,−1,−7, 0,−5, 0}, /* H */ {−1, 1,−3, 1, 1,−2,−2, 6,−2, 0, 0,−2,−2, 2,_M, 0, 3, 2,−1,−1, 0,−2,−3, 0, 0, 2}, /* I */ {−1,−2,−2,−2,−2, 1,−3,−2, 5, 0,−2, 2, 2,−2,_M,−2,−2,−2,−1, 0, 0, 4,−5, 0,−1,−2}, /* J */ { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,_M, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, /* K */ {−1, 0,−5, 0, 0,−5,−2, 0,−2, 0, 5,−3, 0, 1,_M,−1, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0,−2,−3, 0,−4, 0}, /* L */ {−2,−3,−6,−4,−3, 2,−4,−2, 2, 0,−3, 6, 4,−3,_M,−3,−2,−3,−3,−1, 0, 2,−2, 0,−1,−2}, /* M */ {−1,−2,−5,−3,−2, 0,−3,−2, 2, 0, 0, 4, 6,−2,_M,−2,−1, 0,−2,−1, 0, 2,−4, 0,−2,−1}, /* N */ { 0, 2,−4, 2, 1,−4, 0, 2,−2, 0, 1,−3,−2, 2,_M,−1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0,−2,−4, 0,−2, 1}, /* O */ {_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M, 0,_M,_M, _M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M,_M}, /* P */ { 1,−1,−3,−1,−1,−5,−1, 0,−2, 0,−1,−3,−2,−1,_M, 6, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,−1,−6, 0,−5, 0}, /* Q */ { 0, 1,−5, 2, 2,−5,−1, 3,−2, 0, 1,−2,−1, 1,_M, 0, 4, 1,−1,−1, 0,−2,−5, 0,−4, 3}, /* R */ {−2, 0,−4,−1,−1,−4,−3, 2,−2, 0, 3,−3, 0, 0,_M, 0, 1, 6, 0,−1, 0,−2, 2, 0,−4, 0}, /* S */ { 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,−3, 1,−1,−1, 0, 0,−3,−2, 1,_M, 1,−1, 0, 2, 1, 0,−1,−2, 0,−3, 0}, /* T */ { 1, 0,−2, 0, 0,−3, 0,−1, 0, 0, 0,−1,−1, 0,_M, 0,−1,−1, 1, 3, 0, 0,−5, 0,−3, 0}, /* U */ { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,_M, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, /* V */ { 0,−2,−2,−2,−2,−1,−1,−2, 4, 0,−2, 2, 2,−2,_M,−1,−2,−2,−1, 0, 0, 4,−6, 0,−2,−2}, /* W */ {−6,−5,−8,−7,−7, 0,−7,−3,−5, 0,−3,−2,−4,−4,_M,−6,−5, 2,−2,−5, 0,−6,17, 0, 0,−6}, /* X */ { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,_M, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, /* Y */ {−3,−3, 0,−4,−4, 7,−5, 0,−1, 0,−4,−1,−2,−2,_M,−5,−4,−4,−3,−3, 0,−2, 0, 0,10,−4}, /* Z */ { 0, 1,−5, 2, 3,−5, 0, 2,−2, 0, 0,−2,−1, 1,_M, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0,−2,−6, 0,−4, 4} }; /*  */ #include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> #define MAXJMP 16 /* max jumps in a diag */ #define MAXGAP 24 /* don't continue to penalize gaps larger than this */ #define JMPS 1024 /* max jmps in an path */ #define MX 4 /* save if there's at least MX−1 bases since last jmp */ #define DMAT 3 /* value of matching bases */ #define DMIS 0 /* penalty for mismatched bases */ #define DINS0 8 /* penalty for a gap */ #define DINS1 1 /* penalty per base */ #define PINS0 8 /* penalty for a gap */ #define PINS1 4 /* penalty per residue */ struct jmp { short n[MAXJMP]; /* size of jmp (neg for dely) */ unsigned short x[MAXJMP]; /* base no. of jmp in seq x */ }; /* limits seq to 2{circumflex over ( )}16 −1 */ struct diag { int score; /* score at last jmp */ long offset; /* offset of prev block */ short ijmp; /* current jmp index */ struct jmp jp; /* list of jmps */ }; struct path { int spc; /* number of leading spaces */ short n[JMPS];/* size of jmp (gap) */ int x[JMPS];/* loc of jmp (last elem before gap) */ }; char *ofile; /* output file name */ char *namex[2]; /* seq names: getseqs( ) */ char *prog; /* prog name for err msgs */ char *seqx[2]; /* seqs: getseqs( ) */ int dmax; /* best diag: nw( ) */ int dmax0; /* final diag */ int dna; /* set if dna: main( ) */ int endgaps; /* set if penalizing end gaps */ int gapx, gapy; /* total gaps in seqs */ int len0, len1; /* seq lens */ int ngapx, ngapy; /* total size of gaps */ int smax; /* max score: nw( ) */ int *xbm; /* bitmap for matching */ long offset; /* current offset in jmp file */ struct diag *dx; /* holds diagonals */ struct path pp[2]; /* holds path for seqs */ char *calloc( ), *malloc( ), *index( ), *strcpy( ); char *getseq( ), *g_calloc( ); /* Needleman-Wunsch alignment program  *  * usage: progs file1 file2  * where file1 and file2 are two dna or two protein sequences.  * The sequences can be in upper- or lower-case an may contain ambiguity  * Any lines beginning with ‘;’, ‘>’ or ‘<’ are ignored  * Max file length is 65535 (limited by unsigned short x in the jmp struct)  * A sequence with 1/3 or more of its elements ACGTU is assumed to be DNA  * Output is in the file “align.out”  *  * The program may create a tmp file in /tmp to hold info about traceback.  * Original version developed under BSD 4.3 on a vax 8650  */ #include “nw.h” #include “day.h” static _dbval[26] = { 1,14,2,13,0,0,4,11,0,0,12,0,3,15,0,0,0,5,6,8,8,7,9,0,10,0 }; static _pbval[26] = { 1, 2|(1<<(‘D’−‘A’))|(1<<(‘N’−‘A’)), 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 0xFFFFFFF, 1<<10, 1<<11, 1<<12, 1<<13, 1<<14, 1<<15, 1<<16, 1<<17, 1<<18, 1<<19, 1<<20, 1<<21, 1<<22, 1<<23, 1<<24, 1<<25|(1<<(‘E’−‘A’))|(1<<(‘Q’−‘A’)) }; main(ac, av) main int ac; char *av[ ]; { prog = av[0]; if(ac != 3) { fprintf(stderr,“usage: %s file1 file2\n”, prog); fprintf(stderr,“where file1 and file2 are two dna or two protein sequences.\n”); fprintf(stderr,“The sequences can be in upper- or lower-case\n”); fprintf(stderr,“Any lines beginning with ‘;’ or ‘<’ are ignored\n”); fprintf(stderr,“Output is in the file \”align.out\“\n”); exit(1); } namex[0] = av[1]; namex[1] = av[2]; seqx[0] = getseq(namex[0], &len0); seqx[1] = getseq(namex[1], &len1); xbm = (dna)? _dbval : _pbval; endgaps = 0; /* 1 to penalize endgaps */ ofile = “align.out”; /* output file */ nw( ); /* fill in the matrix, get the possible jmps */ readjmps( ); /* get the actual jmps */ print( ); /* print stats, alignment */ cleanup(0); /* unlink any tmp files */} /* do the alignment, return best score: main( )  * dna: values in Fitch and Smith, PNAS, 80, 1382-1386, 1983  * pro: PAM 250 values  * When scores are equal, we prefer mismatches to any gap, prefer  * a new gap to extending an ongoing gap, and prefer a gap in seqx  * to a gap in seq y.  */ nw( ) nw { char *px, *py; /* seqs and ptrs */ int *ndely, *dely; /* keep track of dely */ int ndelx, delx; /* keep track of delx */ int *tmp; /* for swapping row0, row1 */ int mis; /* score for each type */ int ins0, ins1; /* insertion penalties */ register id; /* diagonal index */ register ij; /* jmp index*/ register *col0, *col1; /* score for curr, last row */ register xx, yy; /* index into seqs */ dx = (struct diag *)g_calloc(“to get diags”, len0+len1+1, sizeof(struct diag)); ndely = (int *)g_calloc(“to get ndely”, len1+1, sizeof(int)); dely = (int *)g_calloc(“to get dely”, len1+1, sizeof(int)); col0 = (int *)g_calloc(“to get col0”, len1+1, sizeof(int)); col1 = (int *)g_calloc(“to get col1”, len1+1, sizeof(int)); ins0 = (dna)? DINS0 : PINS0; ins1 = (dna)? DINS1 : PINS1; smax = −10000; if (endgaps) { for (col0[0] = dely[0] = −ins0, yy = 1 ; yy <= len1 ; yy++) { col0[yy] = dely[yy] = col0[yy−1] − ins1; ndely[yy] = yy; } col0[0] = 0; /* Waterman Bull Math Biol 84 */ } else for (yy = 1 ; yy <= len1; yy++) dely[yy] = −ins0; /* fill in match matrix  */ for (px = seqx[0], xx = 1; xx <= len0; px++, xx++) { /* initialize first entry in col  */ if (endgaps) { if(xx == 1) col1[0] = delx = −(ins0+ins1); else col1[0] = delx = col0[0] − ins1; ndelx = xx; } else { col1[0] = 0; delx = −ins0; ndelx = 0; } ...nw for (py = seqx[1], yy = 1; yy <= len1 ; py++, yy++) { mis = col0[yy−1]; if (dna) mis += (xbm[*px−‘A’]&xbm[*py−‘A’])? DMAT : DMIS; else mis += _day[*px−‘A’][*py−‘A’]; /* update penalty for del in x seq;  * favor new del over ongong del  * ignore MAXGAP if weighting endgaps  */ if (endgaps ∥ ndely[yy] < MAXGAP) { if (col0[yy] − ins0 >= dely[yy]) { dely[yy] = col0[yy] − (ins0+ins1); ndely[yy] = 1; } else { dely[yy] −= ins1; ndely[yy]++; } } else { if (col0[yy] − (ins0+ins1) >= dely[yy]) { dely[yy] = col0[yy] − (ins0+ins1); ndely[yy] = 1; } else ndely[yy]++; } /* update penalty for del in y seq;  * favor new del over ongong del  */ if (endgaps ∥ ndelx < MAXGAP) { if (col1[yy−1] − ins0 >= delx) { delx = col1[yy−1] − (ins0+ins1); ndelx = 1; } else { delx −= ins1; ndelx++; } } else { if (col1[yy−1] − (ins0+ins1) >= delx) { delx = col1[yy−1] − (ins0+ins1); ndelx = 1; } else ndelx++; } /* pick the maximum score; we're favoring  * mis over any del and delx over dely  */ ...nw id = xx − yy + len1 − 1; if (mis >= delx && mis >= dely[yy]) col1[yy] = mis; else if (delx >= dely[yy]) { col1[yy] = delx; ij = dx[id].ijmp; if (dx[id].jp.n[0] && (!dna || (ndelx >= MAXJMP && xx > dx[id].jp.x[ij]+MX) ∥ mis > dx[id].score+DINS0)) { dx[id].ijmp++; if (++ij >= MAXJMP) { writejmps(id); ij = dx[id].ijmp = 0; dx[id].offset = offset; offset += sizeof(struct jmp) + sizeof(offset); } } dx[id].jp.n[ij] = ndelx; dx[id].jp.x[ij] =xx; dx[id].score = delx; } else { col1[yy] = dely[yy]; ij = dx[id].ijmp; if (dx[id].jp.n[0] && (!dna ∥ (ndely[yy] >= MAXJMP && xx > dx[id].jp.x[ij]+MX) ∥ mis > dx[id].score+DINS0)) { dx[id].ijmp++; if (++ij >= MAXJMP) { writejmps(id); ij = dx[id].ijmp = 0; dx[id].offset = offset; offset += sizeof(struct jmp) + sizeof(offset); } } dx[id].jp.n[ij] = −ndely[yy]; dx[id].jp.x[ij] = xx; dx[id].score = dely[yy]; } if (xx == len0 && yy < len1) { /* last col  */ if (endgaps) col1[yy] −= ins0+ins1*(len1−yy); if (col1[yy] > smax) { smax = col1[yy]; dmax = id; } } } if (endgaps && xx < len0) col1[yy−1] −= ins0+ins1*(len0−xx); if (col1[yy−1] > smax) { smax = col1[yy−1]; dmax = id; } tmp = col0; col0 = col1; col1 = tmp; } (void) free((char *)ndely); (void) free((char *)dely); (void) free((char *)col0); (void) free((char *)col1); } /*  *  * print( ) -- only routine visible outside this module  *  * static:  * getmat( ) -- trace back best path, count matches: print( )  * pr_align( ) -- print alignment of described in array p[ ]: print( )  * dumpblock( ) -- dump a block of lines with numbers, stars: pr_align( )  * nums( ) -- put out a number line: dumpblock( )  * putline( ) -- put out a line (name, [num], seq, [num]): dumpblock( )  * stars( ) - -put a line of stars: dumpblock( )  * stripname( ) -- strip any path and prefix from a seqname  */ #include “nw.h” #define SPC 3 #define P_LINE 256 /* maximum output line */ #define P_SPC 3 /* space between name or num and seq */ extern _day[26][26]; int olen; /* set output line length */ FILE *fx; /* output file */ print( ) print { int lx, ly, firstgap, lastgap; /* overlap */ if ((fx = fopen(ofile, “w”)) == 0) { fprintf(stderr,“%s: can't write %s\n”, prog, ofile); cleanup(1); } fprintf(fx, “<first sequence: %s (length = %d)\n”, namex[0], len0); fprintf(fx, “<second sequence: %s (length = %d)\n”, namex[1], len1); olen = 60; lx = len0; ly = len1; firstgap = lastgap = 0; if (dmax < len1 − 1) { /* leading gap in x */ pp[0].spc = firstgap = len1 − dmax − 1; ly −= pp[0].spc; } else if (dmax > len1 − 1) { /* leading gap in y */ pp[1].spc = firstgap = dmax − (len1 − 1); lx −= pp[1].spc; } if (dmax0 < len0 − 1) { /* trailing gap in x */ lastgap = len0 − dmax0 −1; lx −= lastgap; } else if (dmax0 > len0 − 1) { /* trailing gap in y */ lastgap = dmax0 − (len0 − 1); ly −= lastgap; } getmat(lx, ly, firstgap, lastgap); pr_align( ); } /*  * trace back the best path, count matches  */ static getmat(lx, ly, firstgap, lastgap) getmat int lx, ly; /* “core” (minus endgaps) */ int firstgap, lastgap; /* leading trailing overlap */ { int nm, i0, i1, siz0, siz1; char outx[32]; double pct; register n0, n1; register char *p0, *p1; /* get total matches, score  */ i0 = i1 = siz0 = siz1 = 0; p0 = seqx[0] + pp[1].spc; p1 = seqx[1] + pp[0].spc; n0 = pp[1].spc + 1; n1 = pp[0].spc + 1; nm = 0; while ( *p0 && *p1 ) { if (siz0) { p1++; n1++; siz0−−; } else if (siz1) { p0++; n0++; siz1−−; } else { if (xbm[*p0−‘A’]&xbm[*p1−‘A’]) nm++; if (n0++ == pp[0].x[i0]) siz0 = pp[0].n[i0++]; if (n1++ == pp[1].x[i1]) siz1 = pp[1].n[i1++]; p0++; p1++; } } /* pct homology:  * if penalizing endgaps, base is the shorter seq  * else, knock off overhangs and take shorter core  */ if (endgaps) lx = (len0 < len1)? len0 : len1; else lx = (lx < ly)? lx : ly; pct = 100.*(double)nm/(double)lx; fprintf(fx, “\n”); fprintf(fx, “<%d match %s in an overlap of %d: %.2f percent similarity\n”, nm, (nm == 1)? “” : “es”, lx, pct); fprintf(fx, “<gaps in first sequence: %d”, gapx); ...getmat if (gapx) { (void) sprintf(outx, “ (%d %s%s)”, ngapx, (dna)? “base”:“residue”, (ngapx == 1)? “”:“s”); fprintf(fx,“%s”, outx); fprintf(fx, “, gaps in second sequence: %d”, gapy); if (gapy) { (void) sprintf(outx, “ (%d %s%s)”, ngapy, (dna)? “base”:“residue”, (ngapy == 1)? “”:“s”); fprintf(fx,“%s”, outx); } if (dna) fprintf(fx, “\n<score: %d (match = %d, mismatch = %d, gap penalty = %d + %d per base)\n”, smax, DMAT, DMIS, DINS0, DINS1); else fprintf(fx, “\n<score: %d (Dayhoff PAM 250 matrix, gap penalty = %d + %d per residue)\n”, smax, PINS0, PINS1); if (endgaps) fprintf(fx, “<endgaps penalized. left endgap: %d %s%s, right endgap: %d %s%s\n”, firstgap, (dna)? “base” : “residue”, (firstgap == 1)? “” : “s”, lastgap, (dna)? “base” : “residue”, (lastgap == 1)? “” : “s”); else fprintf(fx, “<endgaps not penalized\n”); }  static nm; /* matches in core -- for checking */  static lmax; /* lengths of stripped file names */  static ij[2]; /* jmp index for a path */  static nc[2]; /* number at start of current line */  static ni[2]; /* current elem number -- for gapping */  static siz[2];  static char *ps[2]; /* ptr to current element */  static char *po[2]; /* ptr to next output char slot */  static char out[2][P_LINE]; /* output line */  static char star[P_LINE]; /* set by stars( ) */ /*  * print alignment of described in struct path pp[ ]  */ static pr_align( ) pr_align { int nn; /* char count */ int more; register I; for (I = 0, lmax = 0; I < 2; I++) { nn = stripname(namex[i]); if (nn > lmax) lmax = nn; nc[i] = 1; ni[i] = 1; siz[i] = ij[i] = 0; ps[i] = seqx[i]; po[i] = out[i]; } for (nn = nm = 0, more = 1; more; ) { ...pr_align for (I = more = 0; I < 2; I++) { /*  * do we have more of this sequence?  */ if (!*ps[i]) continue; more++; if (pp[i].spc) { /* leading space */ *po[i]++ = ‘ ’; pp[i].spc−−; } else if (siz[i]) { /* in a gap */ *po[i]++ = ‘−’; siz[i]−−; } else { /* we're putting a seq element  */ *po[i] = *ps[i]; if (islower(*ps[i])) *ps[i] = toupper(*ps[i]); po[i]++; ps[i]++; /*  * are we at next gap for this seq?  */ if (ni[i] == pp[i].x[ij[i]]) { /*  * we need to merge all gaps  * at this location  */ siz[i] = pp[i].n[ij[i]++]; while (ni[i] == pp[i].x[ij[i]]) siz[i] += pp[i].n[ij[i]++]; } ni[i]++; } } if (++nn == olen ∥ !more && nn) { dumpblock( ); for (I = 0; I < 2; I++) po[i] = out[i]; nn = 0; } } } /*  * dump a block of lines, including numbers, stars: pr_align( )  */ static dumpblock( ) dumpblock { register I; for (I = 0; I < 2; I++) *po[i]−− = ‘\0’; ...dumpblock (void) putc(‘\n’, fx); for (I = 0; I < 2; I++) { if (*out[i] && (*out[i] != ‘ ’ ∥ *(po[i]) != ‘ ’)) { if (I == 0) nums(I); if (I == 0 && *out[1]) stars( ); putline(I); if (I == 0 && *out[1]) fprintf(fx, star); if (I == 1) nums(I); } } } /*  * put out a number line: dumpblock( )  */ static nums(ix) nums int ix; /* index in out[ ] holding seq line */ { char nline[P_LINE]; register I, j; register char *pn, *px, *py; for (pn = nline, I = 0; I < lmax+P_SPC; I++, pn++) *pn = ‘ ’; for (I = nc[ix], py = out[ix]; *py; py++, pn++) { if (*py = ‘ ’ ∥ *py == ‘−’) *pn = ‘ ’; else { if (I%10 == 0 ∥ (I == 1 && nc[ix] != 1)) { j = (I < 0)? −I : I; for (px = pn; j; j /= 10, px−−) *px = j%10 + ‘0’; if (I < 0) *px = ‘−’; } else *pn = ‘ ’; I++; } } *pn = ‘\0’; nc[ix] = I; for (pn = nline; *pn; pn++) (void) putc(*pn, fx); (void) putc(‘\n’, fx); } /*  * put out a line (name, [num], seq, [num]): dumpblock( )  */ static putline(ix) putline int ix; { ...putline int I; register char *px; for (px = namex[ix], I = 0; *px && *px != ‘:’; px++, I++) (void) putc(*px, fx); for (; I < lmax+P_SPC; I++) (void) putc(‘ ’, fx); /* these count from 1:  * ni[ ] is current element (from 1)  * nc[ ] is number at start of current line  */ for (px = out[ix]; *px; px++) (void) putc(*px&0x7F, fx); (void) putc(‘\n’, fx); } /*  * put a line of stars (seqs always in out[0], out[1]): dumpblock( )  */ static stars stars( ) { int I; register char *p0, *p1, cx, *px; if (!*out[0] ∥ (*out[0] == ‘ ’ && *(po[0]) == ‘ ’) ∥  !*out[1] ∥ (*out[1] == ‘ ’ && *(po[1]) == ‘ ’)) return; px = star; for (I = lmax+P_SPC; I; I−−) *px++ = ‘ ’; for (p0 = out[0], p1 = out[1]; *p0 && *p1; p0++, p1++) { if (isalpha(*p0) && isalpha(*p1)) { if (xbm[*p0−‘A’]&xbm[*p1−‘A’]) { cx = ‘*’; nm++; } else if (!dna && _day[*p0−‘A’][*p1−‘A’] > 0) cx = ‘.’; else cx = ‘ ’; } else cx = ‘ ’; *px++ = cx; } *px++ = ‘\n’; *px = ‘\0’; } /*  * strip path or prefix from pn, return len: pr_align( )  */ static stripname stripname(pn) char *pn; /* file name (may be path) */ { register char *px, *py; py = 0; for (px = pn; *px; px++) if (*px == ‘/’) py = px + 1; if (py) (void) strcpy(pn, py); return(strlen(pn)); } /*  * cleanup( ) -- cleanup any tmp file  * getseq( ) -- read in seq, set dna, len, maxlen  * g_calloc( ) -- calloc( ) with error checkin  * readjmps( ) -- get the good jmps, from tmp file if necessary  * writejmps( ) -- write a filled array of jmps to a tmp file: nw( )  */ #include “nw.h” #include <sys/file.h> char *jname = “/tmp/homgXXXXXX”; /* tmp file for jmps */ FILE *fj; int cleanup( ); /* cleanup tmp file */ long lseek( ); /*  * remove any tmp file if we blow  */ cleanup(I) cleanup int I; { if (fj) (void) unlink(jname); exit(I); } /*  * read, return ptr to seq, set dna, len, maxlen  * skip lines starting with ‘;’, ‘<’, or ‘>’  * seq in upper or lower case  */ char * getseq(file, len) getseq char *file; /* file name */ int *len; /* seq len */ { char line[1024], *pseq; register char *px, *py; int natgc, tlen; FILE *fp; if ((fp = fopen(file,“r”)) == 0) { fprintf(stderr,“%s: can't read %s\n”, prog, file); exit(1); } tlen = natgc = 0; while (fgets(line, 1024, fp)) { if (*line == ‘;’ ∥ *line == ‘<’ ∥ *line == ‘>’) continue; for (px = line; *px != ‘\n’; px++) if (isupper(*px) ∥ islower(*px)) tlen++; } if ((pseq = malloc((unsigned)(tlen+6))) == 0) { fprintf(stderr,“%s: malloc( ) failed to get %d bytes for %s\n”, prog, tlen+6, file); exit(1); } pseq[0] = pseq[1] = pseq[2] = pseq[3] = ‘\0’; ...getseq py = pseq + 4; *len = tlen; rewind(fp); while (fgets(line, 1024, fp)) { if (*line == ‘;’ ∥ *line == ‘<’ ∥ *line == ‘>’) continue; for (px = line; *px != ‘\n’; px++) { if (isupper(*px)) *py++ = *px; else if (islower(*px)) *py++ = toupper(*px); if (index(“ATGCU”,*(py−1))) natgc++; } } *py++ = ‘\0’; *py = ‘\0’; (void) fclose(fp); dna = natgc > (tlen/3); return(pseq+4); } char * g_calloc(msg, nx, sz) g_calloc char *msg; /* program, calling routine */ int nx, sz; /* number and size of elements */ { char *px, *calloc( ); if ((px = calloc((unsigned)nx, (unsigned)sz)) == 0) { if (*msg) { fprintf(stderr, “%s: g_calloc( ) failed %s (n=%d, sz=%d)\n”, prog, msg, nx, sz); exit(1); } } return(px); } /*  * get final jmps from dx[ ] or tmp file, set pp[ ], reset dmax: main( )  */ readjmps( ) readjmps { int fd = −1; int siz, i0, i1; register I, j, xx; if (fj) { (void) fclose(fj); if ((fd = open(jname, O_RDONLY, 0)) < 0) { fprintf(stderr, “%s: can't open( ) %s\n”, prog, jname); cleanup(1); } } for (I = i0 = i1 = 0, dmax0 = dmax, xx = len0; ; I++) { while (1) { for (j = dx[dmax].ijmp; j >= 0 && dx[dmax].jp.x[j] >= xx; j−−) ; ...readjmps if (j < 0 && dx[dmax].offset && fj) { (void) lseek(fd, dx[dmax].offset, 0); (void) read(fd, (char *)&dx[dmax].jp, sizeof(struct jmp)); (void) read(fd, (char *)&dx[dmax].offset, sizeof(dx[dmax].offset)); dx[dmax].ijmp = MAXJMP−1; } else break; } if (I >= JMPS) { fprintf(stderr, “%s: too many gaps in alignment\n”, prog); cleanup(1); } if (j >= 0) { siz = dx[dmax].jp.n[j]; xx = dx[dmax].jp.x[j]; dmax += siz; if (siz < 0) { /* gap in second seq */ pp[1].n[i1] = −siz; xx += siz; /* id = xx − yy + len1 − 1 */ pp[1].x[i1] = xx − dmax + len1 − 1; gapy++; ngapy −= siz; /* ignore MAXGAP when doing endgaps */ siz = (−siz < MAXGAP ∥ endgaps)? −siz : MAXGAP; i1++; } else if (siz > 0) { /* gap in first seq */ pp[0].n[i0] = siz; pp[0].x[i0] = xx; gapx++; ngapx += siz; /* ignore MAXGAP when doing endgaps */ siz = (siz < MAXGAP ∥ endgaps)? siz : MAXGAP; i0++; } } else break; } /* reverse the order of jmps */ for (j = 0, i0−−; j < i0; j++, i0−−) { I = pp[0].n[j]; pp[0].n[j] = pp[0].n[i0]; pp[0].n[i0] = I; I = pp[0].x[j]; pp[0].x[j] = pp[0].x[i0]; pp[0].x[i0] = I; } for (j = 0, i1−−; j < i1; j++, i1−−) { I = pp[1].n[j]; pp[1].n[j] = pp[1].n[i1]; pp[1].n[i1] = I; I = pp[1].x[j]; pp[1].x[j] = pp[1].x[i1]; pp[1].x[i1] = I; } if (fd >= 0) (void) close(fd); if (fj) { (void) unlink(jname); fj = 0; offset = 0; } } /*  * write a filled jmp struct offset of the prev one (if any): nw( )  */ writejmps(ix) writejmps int ix; { char *mktemp( ); if (!fj) { if (mktemp(jname) < 0) { fprintf(stderr, “%s: can't mktemp( ) %s\n”, prog, jname); cleanup(1); } if ((fj = fopen(jname, “w”)) == 0) { fprintf(stderr, “%s: can't write %s\n”, prog, jname); exit(1); } } (void) fwrite((char *)&dx[ix].jp, sizeof(struct jmp), 1, fj); (void) fwrite((char *)&dx[ix].offset, sizeof(dx[ix].offset), 1, fj); }

TABLE 2 PRO XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Length = 15 amino acids) Comparison XXXXXYYYYYYY (Length = 12 amino acids) Protein % amino acid sequence identity = (the number of identically matching amino acid residues between the two polypeptide sequences as determined by ALIGN-2) divided by (the total number of amino acid residues of the PRO polypeptide) = 5 divided by 15 = 33.3%

TABLE 3 PRO XXXXXXXXXX (Length = 10 amino acids) Comparison XXXXXYYYYYYZZYZ (Length = 15 Protein amino acids) % amino acid sequence identity = (the number of identically matching amino acid residues between the two polypeptide sequences as determined by ALIGN-2) divided by (the total number of amino acid residues of the PRO polypeptide) = 5 divided by 10 = 50%

TABLE 4 PRO-DNA NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN (Length = 14 nucleotides) Comparison NNNNNNLLLLLLLLLL (Length = 16 nucleotides) DNA % nucleic acid sequence identity = (the number of identically matching nucleotides between the two nucleic acid sequences as determined by ALIGN-2) divided by (the total number of nucleotides of the PRO-DNA nucleic acid sequence) = 6 divided by 14 = 42.9%

TABLE 5 PRO-DNA NNNNNNNNNNNN (Length = 12 nucleotides) Comparison NNNNLLLVV (Length = 9 nucleotides) DNA % nucleic acid sequence identity = (the number of identically matching nucleotides between the two nucleic acid sequences as determined by ALIGN-2) divided by (the total number of nucleotides of the PRO-DNA nucleic acid sequence) = 4 divided by 12 = 33.3%

II. Compositions and Methods of the Invention

A. Full-Length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 Polypeptides

The present invention provides newly identified and isolated nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides referred to in the present application as PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides. In particular, cDNAs encoding various PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides have been identified and isolated, as disclosed in further detail in the Examples below. It is noted that proteins produced in separate expression rounds may be given different PRO numbers but the UNQ number is unique for any given DNA and the encoded protein, and will not be changed. However, for sake of simplicity, in the present specification the protein encoded by the full length native nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein as well as all further native homologues and variants included in the foregoing definition of PRO, will be referred to as “PRO/number”, regardless of their origin or mode of preparation.

As disclosed in the Examples below, various cDNA clones have been deposited with the ATCC. The actual nucleotide sequences of those clones can readily be determined by the skilled artisan by sequencing of the deposited clone using routine methods in the art. The predicted amino acid sequence can be determined from the nucleotide sequence using routine skill. For the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides and encoding nucleic acids described herein, Applicants have identified what is believed to be the reading frame best identifiable with the sequence information available at the time.

B. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 Polypeptide Variants

In addition to the full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides described herein, it is contemplated that PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variants can be prepared. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variants can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 DNA, and/or by synthesis of the desired PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering the membrane anchoring characteristics.

Variations in the native full-length sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or in various domains of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide described herein, can be made, for example, using any of the techniques and guidelines for conservative and non-conservative mutations set forth, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,934. Variations may be a substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more codons encoding the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide that results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as compared with the native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Optionally the variation is by substitution of at least one amino acid with any other amino acid in one or more of the domains of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Guidance in determining which amino acid residue may be inserted, substituted or deleted without adversely affecting the desired activity may be found by comparing the sequence of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide with that of homologous known protein molecules and minimizing the number of amino acid sequence changes made in regions of high homology Amino acid substitutions can be the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with a serine, i.e., conservative amino acid replacements. Insertions or deletions may optionally be in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The variation allowed may be determined by systematically making insertions, deletions or substitutions of amino acids in the sequence and testing the resulting variants for activity exhibited by the full-length or mature native sequence.

PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide fragments are provided herein. Such fragments may be truncated at the N-terminus or C-terminus, or may lack internal residues, for example, when compared with a frill length native protein. Certain fragments lack amino acid residues that are not essential for a desired biological activity of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 fragments may be prepared by any of a number of conventional techniques. De sired peptide fragments may be chemically synthesized. An alternative approach involves generating PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 fragments by enzymatic digestion, e.g., by treating the protein with an enzyme known to cleave proteins at sites defined by particular amino acid residues, or by digesting the DNA with suitable restriction enzymes and isolating the desired fragment. Yet another suitable technique involves isolating and amplifying a DNA fragment encoding a desired polypeptide fragment, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides that define the desired termini of the DNA fragment are employed at the 5′ and 3′ primers in the PCR. Preferably, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide fragments share at least one biological and/or immunological activity with the native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide disclosed herein.

Conservative substitutions of interest are shown in Table 6 under the heading of preferred substitutions. If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial changes, denominated exemplary substitutions in Table 6, or as further described below in reference to amino acid classes, are preferably introduced and the products screened.

TABLE 6 Original Exemplary Preferred Residue Substitutions Substitutions Ala (A) Val; Leu; Ile Val Arg ®) Lys; Gln; Asn Lys Asn (N) Gln; His; Asp, Lys; Arg Gln Asp (D) Glu; Asn Glu Cys ©) Ser; Ala Ser Gln (Q) Asn; Glu Asn Glu (E) Asp; Gln Asp Gly (G) Ala Ala His (H) Asn; Gln; Lys; Arg Arg Ile (I) Leu; Val; Met; Ala; Leu Phe; Norleucine Leu (L) Norleucine; Ile; Val; Ile Met; Ala; Phe Lys (K) Arg; Gln; Asn Arg Met (M) Leu; Phe; Ile Leu Phe (F) Trp; Leu; Val; Ile; Ala; Tyr Tyr Pro (P) Ala Ala Ser (S) Thr Thr Thr (T) Val; Ser Ser Trp (W) Tyr; Phe Tyr Tyr (Y) Trp; Phe; Thr; Ser Phe Val (V) Ile; Leu; Met; Phe; Leu Ala; Norleucine

Substantial modifications in function or immunological identity of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or ©) the bulk of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties:

Amino acids may be grouped according to similarities in the properties of their side chains (in A. L. Lehninger, in Biochemistry, second ed., pp. 73-75, Worth Publishers, New York (1975)): (1) non-polar: Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), Ile (I), Pro (P), Phe (F), Trp (W), Met (M) (2) uncharged polar: Gly (G), Ser (S), Thr (T), Cys ©), Tyr (Y), Asn (N), Gln (Q) (3) acidic: Asp (D), Glu (E) (4) basic: Lys (K), Arg®), His(H) Alternatively, naturally occurring residues may be divided into groups based on common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile; (2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln; (3) acidic: Asp, Glu; (4) basic: His, Lys, Arg; (5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro; (6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.

Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class. Such substituted residues also may be introduced into the conservative substitution sites or, more preferably, into the remaining (non-conserved) sites.

The variations can be made using methods known in the art such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, alanine scanning, and PCR mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis [Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13:4331 (1986); Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 10:6487 (1987)], cassette mutagenesis [Wells et al., Gene, 34:315 (1985)], restriction selection mutagenesis [Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA, 317:415 (1986)] or other known techniques can be performed on the cloned DNA to produce the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 variant DNA.

Scanning amino acid analysis can also be employed to identify one or more amino acids along a contiguous sequence. Among the preferred scanning amino acids are relatively small, neutral amino acids. Such amino acids include alanine, glycine, serine, and cysteine. Alanine is typically a preferred scanning amino acid among this group because it eliminates the side-chain beyond the beta-carbon and is less likely to alter the main-chain conformation of the variant [Cunningham and Wells, Science, 244: 1081-1085 (1989)]. Alanine is also typically preferred because it is the most common amino acid. Further, it is frequently found in both buried and exposed positions [Creighton, The Proteins, (W.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y.); Chothia, J. Mol. Biol., 150:1 (1976)]. If alanine substitution does not yield adequate amounts of variant, an isoteric amino acid can be used.

C. Modifications of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370

Covalent modifications of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides are included within the scope of this invention. One type of covalent modification includes reacting targeted amino acid residues of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the - or C-terminal residues of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Derivatization with bifunctional agents is useful, for instance, for crosslinking PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides to a water-insoluble support matrix or surface for use in the method for purifying anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies, and vice-versa. Commonly used crosslinking agents include, e.g., 1,1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, esters with 4-azidosalicylic acid, homobifunctional imidoesters, including disuccinimidyl esters such as 3,3′-dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), bifunctional maleimides such as bis-N-maleimido-1,8-octane and agents such as methyl-3-[(p-azidophenyl)dithio]propioimidate.

Other modifications include deamidation of glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues, respectively, hydroxylation of proline and lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues, methylation of the α-amino groups of lysine, arginine, and histidine side chains [T. E. Creighton, Proteins: Structure and Molecular Properties, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, pp. 79-86 (1983)], acetylation of the N-terminal amine, and amidation of any C-terminal carboxyl group.

Another type of covalent modification of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide included within the scope of this invention comprises altering the native glycosylation pattern of the polypeptide. “Altering the native glycosylation pattern” is intended for purposes herein to mean deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides (either by removing the underlying glycosylation site or by deleting the glycosylation by chemical and/or enzymatic means), and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. In addition, the phrase includes qualitative changes in the glycosylation of the native proteins, involving a change in the nature and proportions of the various carbohydrate moieties present.

Addition of glycosylation sites to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence. The alteration may be made, for example, by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 (for O-linked glycosylation sites). The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 amino acid sequence may optionally be altered through changes at the DNA level, particularly by mutating the DNA encoding the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide at preselected bases such that codons are generated that will translate into the desired amino acids.

Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the polypeptide. Such methods are described in the art, e.g., in WO 87/05330 published 11 Sep. 1987, and in Aplin and Wriston, CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., pp. 259-306 (1981).

Removal of carbohydrate moieties present on the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically or by mutational substitution of codons encoding for amino acid residues that serve as targets for glycosylation. Chemical deglycosylation techniques are known in the art and described, for instance, by Hakimuddin, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 259:52 (1987) and by Edge et al., Anal. Biochem., 118:131 (1981). Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on polypeptides can be achieved by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al., Meth. Enzymol., 138:350 (1987).

Another type of covalent modification of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides comprises linking the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337.

The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides of the present invention may also be modified in a way to form a chimeric molecule comprising the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide fused to another, heterologous polypeptide or amino acid sequence.

Such a chimeric molecule comprises a fusion of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide with a tag polypeptide which provides an epitope to which an anti-tag antibody can selectively bind. The epitope tag is generally placed at the amino- or carboxyl-terminus of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. The presence of such epitope-tagged forms of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide can be detected using an antibody against the tag polypeptide. Also, provision of the epitope tag enables the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide to be readily purified by affinity purification using an anti-tag antibody or another type of affinity matrix that binds to the epitope tag. Various tag polypeptides and their respective antibodies are well known in the art. Examples include poly-histidine (poly-his) or poly-histidine-glycine (poly-his-gly) tags; the flu 11A tag polypeptide and its antibody 12CA5 [Field et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 8:2159-2165 (1988)]; the c-myc tag and the 8F9, 3C7, 6E10, G4, B7 and 9E10 antibodies thereto [Evan et al., Molecular and Cellular Biology, 5:3610-3616 (1985)]; and the Herpes Simplex virus glycoprotein D (gD) tag and its antibody [Paborsky et al., Protein Engineering, 3(6):547-553 (1990)]. Other tag polypeptides include the Flag-peptide [Hopp et al., BioTechnology, 6:1204-1210 (1988)]; the KT3 epitope peptide [Martin et al., Science, 255:192-194 (1992)]; an α-tubulin epitope peptide [Skinner et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266:15163-15166 (1991)]; and the T7 gene 10 protein peptide tag [Lutz-Freyermuth et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6393-6397 (1990)].

The chimeric molecule may comprise a fusion of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide with an immunoglobulin or a particular region of an immunoglobulin. For a bivalent form of the chimeric molecule (also referred to as an “immunoadhesin”), such a fusion could be to the Fc region of an IgG molecule. The Ig fusions preferably include the substitution of a soluble (transmembrane domain deleted or inactivated) form of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide in place of at least one variable region within an Ig molecule. In a particularly preferred aspect of the invention, the immunoglobulin fusion includes the hinge, CH2 and CH3, or the hinge, CH1, CH2 and CH3 regions of an IgG1 molecule. For the production of immunoglobulin fusions see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,130 issued Jun. 27, 1995.

D. Preparation of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 Polypeptides

The description below relates primarily to production of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides by culturing cells transformed or transfected with a vector containing PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 nucleic acid. It is, of course, contemplated that alternative methods, which are well known in the art, may be employed to prepare PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides. For instance, the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 sequence, or portions thereof, may be produced by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques [see, e.g., Stewart et al., Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, Calif. (1969); Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85:2149-2154 (1963)]. In vitro protein synthesis may be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis may be accomplished, for instance, using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer (Foster City, Calif.) using manufacturer's instructions. Various portions of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be chemically synthesized separately and combined using chemical or enzymatic methods to produce the full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

1. Isolation of DNA Encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 Polypeptides

DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides may be obtained from a cDNA library prepared from tissue believed to possess the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 mRNA and to express it at a detectable level. Accordingly, human PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-DNA can be conveniently obtained from a cDNA library prepared from human tissue, such as described in the Examples. The PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-encoding gene may also be obtained from a genomic library or by known synthetic procedures (e.g., automated nucleic acid synthesis).

Libraries can be screened with probes (such as antibodies to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or oligonucleotides of at least about 20-80 bases) designed to identify the gene of interest or the protein encoded by it. Screening the cDNA or genomic library with the selected probe may be conducted using standard procedures, such as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). An alternative means to isolate the gene encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 is to use PCR methodology [Sambrook et al., supra; Dieffenbach et al., PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995)].

The Examples below describe techniques for screening a cDNA library. The oligonucleotide sequences selected as probes should be of sufficient length and sufficiently unambiguous that false positives are minimized The oligonucleotide is preferably labeled such that it can be detected upon hybridization to DNA in the library being screened. Methods of labeling are well known in the art, and include the use of radiolabels like ³²P-labeled ATP, biotinylation or enzyme labeling. Hybridization conditions, including moderate stringency and high stringency, are provided in Sambrook et al., supra.

Sequences identified in such library screening methods can be compared and aligned to other known sequences deposited and available in public databases such as GenBank or other private sequence databases. Sequence identity (at either the amino acid or nucleotide level) within defined regions of the molecule or across the full-length sequence can be determined using methods known in the art and as described herein.

Nucleic acid having protein coding sequence may be obtained by screening selected cDNA or genomic libraries using the deduced amino acid sequence disclosed herein for the first time, and, if necessary, using conventional primer extension procedures as described in Sambrook et al., supra, to detect precursors and processing intermediates of mRNA that may not have been reverse-transcribed into cDNA.

2. Selection and Transformation of Host Cells

Host cells are transfected or transformed with expression or cloning vectors described herein for PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences. The culture conditions, such as media, temperature, pH and the like, can be selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation. In general, principles, protocols, and practical techniques for maximizing the productivity of cell cultures can be found in Mammalian Cell Biotechnology: a Practical Approach, M. Butler, ed. (IRL Press, 1991) and Sambrook et al., supra.

Methods of eukaryotic cell transfection and prokaryotic cell transformation are known to the ordinarily skilled artisan, for example, CaCl₂, CaPO₄, liposome-mediated and electroporation. Depending on the host cell used, transformation is performed using standard techniques appropriate to such cells. The calcium treatment employing calcium chloride, as described in Sambrook et al., supra, or electroporation is generally used for prokaryotes. Infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used for transformation of certain plant cells, as described by Shaw et al., Gene, 23:315 (1983) and WO 89/05859 published 29 Jun. 1989. For mammalian cells without such cell walls, the calcium phosphate precipitation method of Graham and van der Eb, Virology, 52:456-457 (1978) can be employed. General aspects of mammalian cell host system transfections have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,216. Transformations into yeast are typically carried out according to the method of Van Solingen et al., J. Bact., 130:946 (1977) and Hsiao et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 76:3829 (1979). However, other methods for introducing DNA into cells, such as by nuclear microinjection, electroporation, bacterial protoplast fusion with intact cells, or polycations, e.g., polybrene, polyornithine, may also be used. For various techniques for transforming mammalian cells, see Keown et al., Methods in Enzymology, 185:527-537 (1990) and Mansour et al., Nature, 336:348-352 (1988).

Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein include prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells. Suitable prokaryotes include but are not limited to eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli. Various E. coli strains are publicly available, such as E. coli K12 strain MM294 (ATCC 31,446); E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31,537); E. coli strain W3110 (ATCC 27,325) and K5772 (ATCC 53,635). Other suitable prokaryotic host cells include Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (e.g., B. licheniformis 41P disclosed in DD 266,710 published 12 Apr. 1989), Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces. These examples are illustrative rather than limiting. Strain W3110 is one particularly preferred host or parent host because it is a common host strain for recombinant DNA product fermentations. Preferably, the host cell secretes minimal amounts of proteolytic enzymes. For example, strain W3110 may be modified to effect a genetic mutation in the genes encoding proteins endogenous to the host, with examples of such hosts including E. coli W3110 strain 1A2, which has the complete genotype tonA; E. coli W3110 strain 9E4, which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3; E. coli W3110 strain 27C7 (ATCC 55,244), which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3 phoA E15 (argF-lac)169 degP ompT kan^(r) ; E. coli W3110 strain 37D6, which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3 phoA E15 (argF-lac)169 degP ompT rbs7 ilvG kan^(r) , E. coli W3110 strain 40B4, which is strain 37D6 with a non-kanamycin resistant degP deletion mutation; and an E. coli strain having mutant periplasmic protease disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,783 issued 7 Aug. 1990. Alternatively, in vitro methods of cloning, e.g., PCR or other nucleic acid polymerase reactions, are suitable.

In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, or PRO1026 or PRO23370-encoding vectors. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a commonly used lower eukaryotic host microorganism. Others include Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Beach and Nurse, Nature, 290: 140 [1981]; EP 139,383 published 2 May 1985); Kluyveromyces hosts (U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,529; Fleer et al., Bio/Technology, 9:968-975 (1991)) such as, e.g., K. lactis (MW98-8C, CBS683, CBS4574; Louvencourt et al., J. Bacteriol., 154(2):737-742 [1983]), K. fragilis (ATCC 12,424), K. bulgaricus (ATCC 16,045), K. wickerainii (ATCC 24,178), K. waltii (ATCC 56,500), K. drosophilarum (ATCC 36,906; Van den Berg et al., Bio/Technology, 8:135 (1990)), K. thermotolerans, and K. marxianus; yarrowia (EP 402,226); Pichia pastoris (EP 183,070; Sreekrishna et al., J. Basic Microbiol., 28:265-278 [1988]); Candida; Trichoderma reesia (EP 244,234); Neurospora crassa (Case et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:5259-5263 [1979]); Schwanniomyces such as Schwanniomyces occidentalis (EP 394,538 published 31 Oct. 1990); and filamentous fungi such as, e.g., Neurospora, Penicillium, Tolypocladium (WO 91/00357 published 10 Jan. 1991), and Aspergillus hosts such as A. nidulans (Ballance et al., Biochem. Biophys. Rcs. Commun., 112:284-289 [1983]; Tilburn et al., Gene, 26:205-221 [1983]; Yelton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 1470-1474 [1984]) andA. niger (Kelly and Hynes, EMBO J., 4:475-479 [1985]). Methylotropic yeasts are suitable herein and include, but are not limited to, yeast capable of growth on methanol selected from the genera consisting of Hansenula, Candida, Kloeckera, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, and Rhodotorula. A list of specific species that are exemplary of this class of yeasts may be found in C. Anthony, The Biochemistry of Methylotrophs, 269 (1982).

Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides are derived from multicellular organisms. Examples of invertebrate cells include insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9, as well as plant cells. Examples of useful mammalian host cell lines include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and COS cells. More specific examples include monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al., J. Gen Virol., 36:59 (1977)); Chinese hamster ovary cells/−DHFR (CHO, Urlaub and Chasin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4216 (1980)); mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod., 23:243-251 (1980)); human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065); and mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51). The selection of the appropriate host cell is deemed to be within the skill in the art.

3. Selection and Use of a Replicable Vector

The nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides may be inserted into a replicable vector for cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression. Various vectors are publicly available. The vector may, for example, be in the form of a plasmid, cosmid, viral particle, or phage. The appropriate nucleic acid sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, DNA is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) using techniques known in the art. Vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence. Construction of suitable vectors containing one or more of these components employs standard ligation techniques which are known to the skilled artisan.

The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be produced recombinantly not only directly, but also as a fusion polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide, which may be a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide. In general, the signal sequence may be a component of the vector, or it may be a part of the PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026 or PRO23370-encoding DNA that is inserted into the vector. The signal sequence may be a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group of the alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, 1 pp, or heat-stable enterotoxin II leaders. For yeast secretion the signal sequence may be, e.g., the yeast invertase leader, alpha factor leader (including Saccharomyces and Kluyveroinyces α-factor leaders, the latter described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,182), or acid phosphatase leader, the C. albicans glucoamylase leader (EP 362,179 published 4 Apr. 1990), or the signal described in WO 90/13646 published 15 November 1990. In mammalian cell expression, mammalian signal sequences may be used to direct secretion of the protein, such as signal sequences from secreted polypeptides of the same or related species, as well as viral secretory leaders.

Roth expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence that enables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells. Such sequences are well known for a variety of bacteria, yeast, and viruses. The origin of replication from the plasmid pBR322 is suitable for most Gram-negative bacteria, the 2μ plasmid origin is suitable for yeast, and various viral origins (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV or BPV) are useful for cloning vectors in mammalian cells.

Expression and cloning vectors will typically contain a selection gene, also termed a selectable marker. Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli.

An example of suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells are those that enable the identification of cells competent to take up the PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026 or PRO23370-encoding nucleic acid, such as DHFR or thymidine kinase. An appropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the CHO cell line deficient in DHFR activity, prepared and propagated as described by Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4216 (1980). A suitable selection gene for use in yeast is the trp1 gene present in the yeast plasmid YRp7 [Stinchcomb et al., Nature, 282:39 (1979); Kingsman et al., Gene, 7:141 (1979); Tschemper et al., Gene, 10:157 (1980)]. The trp1 gene provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example, ATCC No. 44076 or PEP4-1 [Jones, Genetics, 85:12 (1977)].

Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter operably linked to the PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026 or PRO23370-encoding nucleic acid sequence to direct mRNA synthesis. Promoters recognized by a variety of potential host cells are well known. Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the β-lactamase and lactose promoter systems [Chang et al., Nature, 275:615 (1978); Goeddel et al., Nature, 281:544 (1979)], alkaline phosphatase, a tryptophan (trp) promoter system [Goeddel, Nucleic Acids Res., 8:4057 (1980); EP 36,776], and hybrid promoters such as the Lac promoter [deBoer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80:21-25 (1983)]. Promoters for use in bacterial systems also will contain a Shine-Dalgarno (S.D.) sequence operably linked to the DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides.

Examples of suitable promoting sequences for use with yeast hosts include the promoters for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase [Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 255:2073 (1980)] or other glycolytic enzymes [Hess et al., J. Adv. Enzyme Reg., 7:149 (1968); Holland, Biochemistry, 17:4900 (1978)], such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase.

Other yeast promoters, which are inducible promoters having the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions, are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization. Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in EP 73,657. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 transcription from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, for example, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus (UK 2,211,504 published 5 Jul. 1989), adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous mammalian promoters, e.g., the actin promoter or an immunoglobulin promoter, and from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters are compatible with the host cell systems.

Transcription of a DNA encoding the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide by higher eukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp, that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Many enhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes (globin, elastase, albumin, α-fetoprotein, and insulin). Typically, however, one will use an enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus. Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp 100-270), the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers. The enhancer may be spliced into the vector at a position 5′ or 3′ to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 coding sequence, but is preferably located at a site 5′ from the promoter.

Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells (yeast, fungi, insect, plant, animal, human, or nucleated cells from other multicellular organisms) will also contain sequences necessary for the termination of transcription and for stabilizing the mRNA. Such sequences are commonly available from the 5′ and, occasionally 3′, untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs. These regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed as polyadenylated fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides.

Still other methods, vectors, and host cells suitable for adaptation to the synthesis of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides in recombinant vertebrate cell culture are described in Gething et al., Nature, 293:620-625 (1981); Mantei et al., Nature, 281:40-46 (1979); EP 117,060; and EP 117,058.

4. Detecting Gene Amplification/Expression

Gene amplification and/or expression may be measured in a sample directly, for example, by conventional Southern blotting, Northern blotting to quantitate the transcription of mRNA [Thomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:5201-5205 (1980)], dot blotting (DNA analysis), or in situ hybridization, using an appropriately labeled probe, based on the sequences provided herein. Alternatively, antibodies may be employed that can recognize specific duplexes, including DNA duplexes, RNA duplexes, and DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes or DNA-protein duplexes. The antibodies in turn may be labeled and the assay may be carried out where the duplex is bound to a surface, so that upon the formation of duplex on the surface, the presence of antibody bound to the duplex can be detected.

Gene expression, alternatively, may be measured by immunological methods, such as immunohistochemical staining of cells or tissue sections and assay of cell culture or body fluids, to quantitate directly the expression of gene product. Antibodies useful for immunohistochemical staining and/or assay of sample fluids may be either monoclonal or polyclonal, and may be prepared in any mammal. Conveniently, the antibodies may be prepared against a native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or against a synthetic peptide based on the DNA sequences provided herein or against exogenous sequence fused to PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 DNA and encoding a specific antibody epitope.

5. Purification of Polypeptide

Forms of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides may be recovered from culture medium or from host cell lysates. If membrane-bound, it can be released from the membrane using a suitable detergent solution (e.g. Triton-X 100) or by enzymatic cleavage. Cells employed in expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides can be disrupted by various physical or chemical means, such as freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or cell lysing agents.

It may be desired to purify PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides from recombinant cell proteins or polypeptides. The following procedures are exemplary of suitable purification procedures: by fractionation on an ion-exchange column; ethanol precipitation; reverse phase HPLC; chromatography on silica or on a cation-exchange resin such as DEAE; chromatofocusing; SDS-PAGE; ammonium sulfate precipitation; gel filtration using, for example, Sephadex G-75; protein A Sepharose columns to remove contaminants such as IgG; and metal chelating columns to bind epitope-tagged forms of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Various methods of protein purification may be employed and such methods are known in the art and described for example in Deutscher, Methods in Enzymology, 182 (1990); Scopes, Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Springer-Verlag, New York (1982). The purification step(s) selected will depend, for example, on the nature of the production process used and the particular PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide produced.

E. Uses for PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 Polypeptides

Nucleotide sequences (or their complement) encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides have various applications in the art of molecular biology, including uses as hybridization probes, in chromosome and gene mapping and in the generation of anti-sense RNA and DNA. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 nucleic acid will also be useful for the preparation of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides by the recombinant techniques described herein.

The full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene, or portions thereof, may be used as hybridization probes for a cDNA library to isolate the full-length PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 cDNA or to isolate still other cDNAs (for instance, those encoding naturally-occurring variants of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides or PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides from other species) which have a desired sequence identity to the native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 sequence disclosed herein. Optionally, the length of the probes will be about 20 to about 50 bases. The hybridization probes may be derived from at least partially novel regions of the full length native nucleotide sequence wherein those regions may be determined without undue experimentation or from genomic sequences including promoters, enhancer elements and introns of native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370. By way of example, a screening method will comprise isolating the coding region of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene using the known DNA sequence to synthesize a selected probe of about 40 bases. Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety of labels, including radionucleotides such as ³²P or ³⁵S, or enzymatic labels such as alkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidin/biotin coupling systems. Labeled probes having a sequence complementary to that of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene of the present invention can be used to screen libraries of human cDNA, genomic DNA or mRNA to determine which members of such libraries the probe hybridizes to. Hybridization techniques are described in further detail in the Examples below.

Any EST sequences disclosed in the present application may similarly be employed as probes, using the methods disclosed herein.

Other useful fragments of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 nucleic acids include antisense or sense oligonucleotides comprising a singe-stranded nucleic acid sequence (either RNA or DNA) capable of binding to target PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 mRNA (sense) or PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 DNA (antisense) sequences. Antisense or sense oligonucleotides, according to the present invention, comprise a fragment of the coding region of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 DNA. Such a fragment generally comprises at least about 14 nucleotides, preferably from about 14 to 30 nucleotides. The ability to derive an antisense or a sense oligonucleotide, based upon a cDNA sequence encoding a given protein is described in, for example, Stein and Cohen (Cancer Res. 48:2659, 1988) and van der Krol et al. (BioTechniques 6:958, 1988).

Binding of antisense or sense oligonucleotides to target nucleic acid sequences results in the formation of duplexes that block transcription or translation of the target sequence by one of several means, including enhanced degradation of the duplexes, premature termination of transcription or translation, or by other means. The antisense oligonucleotides thus may be used to block expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370. Antisense or sense oligonucleotides further comprise oligonucleotides having modified sugar-phosphodiester backbones (or other sugar linkages, such as those described in WO 91/06629) and wherein such sugar linkages are resistant to endogenous nucleases. Such oligonucleotides with resistant sugar linkages are stable in vivo (i.e., capable of resisting enzymatic degradation) but retain sequence specificity to be able to bind to target nucleotide sequences.

Other examples of sense or antisense oligonucleotides include those oligonucleotides which are covalently linked to organic moieties, such as those described in WO 90/10048, and other moieties that increases affinity of the oligonucleotide for a target nucleic acid sequence, such as poly-(L-lysine). Further still, intercalating agents, such as ellipticine, and alkylating agents or metal complexes may be attached to sense or antisense oligonucleotides to modify binding specificities of the antisense or sense oligonucleotide for the target nucleotide sequence.

Antisense or sense oligonucleotides may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by any gene transfer method, including, for example, CaPO₄-mediated DNA transfection, electroporation, or by using gene transfer vectors such as Epstein-Barr virus. In a preferred procedure, an antisense or sense oligonucleotide is inserted into a suitable retroviral vector. A cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence is contacted with the recombinant retroviral vector, either in vivo or ex vivo. Suitable retroviral vectors include, but are not limited to, those derived from the murine retrovirus M-MuLV, N2 (a retrovirus derived from M-MuLV), or the double copy vectors designated DCT5A, DCT5B and DCT5C (see WO 90/13641).

Sense or antisense oligonucleotides also may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleotide sequence by formation of a conjugate with a ligand binding molecule, as described in WO 91/04753. Suitable ligand binding molecules include, but are not limited to, cell surface receptors, growth factors, other cytokines, or other ligands that bind to cell surface receptors. Preferably, conjugation of the ligand binding molecule does not substantially interfere with the ability of the ligand binding molecule to bind to its corresponding molecule or receptor, or block entry of the sense or antisense oligonucleotide or its conjugated version into the cell.

Alternatively, a sense or an antisense oligonucleotide may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by formation of an oligonucleotide-lipid complex, as described in WO 90/10448. The sense or antisense oligonucleotide-lipid complex is preferably dissociated within the cell by an endogenous lipase.

Antisense or sense RNA or DNA molecules are generally at least about 5 bases in length, about 10 bases in length, about 15 bases in length, about 20 bases in length, about 25 bases in length, about 30 bases in length, about 35 bases in length, about 40 bases in length, about 45 bases in length, about 50 bases in length, about 55 bases in length, about 60 bases in length, about 65 bases in length, about 70 bases in length, about 75 bases in length, about 80 bases in length, about 85 bases in length, about 90 bases in length, about 95 bases in length, about 100 bases in length, or more.

The probes may also be employed in PCR techniques to generate a pool of sequences for identification of closely related PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 coding sequences.

Nucleotide sequences encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide can also be used to construct hybridization probes for mapping the gene which encodes that PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and for the genetic analysis of individuals with genetic disorders. The nucleotide sequences provided herein may be mapped to a chromosome and specific regions of a chromosome using known techniques, such as in situ hybridization, linkage analysis against known chromosomal markers, and hybridization screening with libraries.

When the coding sequences for PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 encode a protein which binds to another protein (for example, where the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 is a receptor), the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide can be used in assays to identify the other proteins or molecules involved in the binding interaction. By such methods, inhibitors of the receptor/ligand binding interaction can be identified. Proteins involved in such binding interactions can also be used to screen for peptide or small molecule inhibitors or agonists of the binding interaction. Also, the receptor PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can be used to isolate correlative ligand(s). Screening assays can be designed to find lead compounds that mimic the biological activity of a native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or a receptor for PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides. Such screening assays will include assays amenable to high-throughput screening of chemical libraries, making them particularly suitable for identifying small molecule drug candidates. Small molecules contemplated include synthetic organic or inorganic compounds. The assays can be performed in a variety of formats, including protein-protein binding assays, biochemical screening assays, immunoassays and cell based assays, which are well characterized in the art.

Nucleic acids which encode PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides or its modified forms can also be used to generate either transgenic animals or “knock out” animals which, in turn, are useful in the development and screening of therapeutically useful reagents. A transgenic animal (e.g., a mouse or rat) is an animal having cells that contain a transgene, which transgene was introduced into the animal or an ancestor of the animal at a prenatal, e.g., an embryonic stage. A transgene is a DNA which is integrated into the genome of a cell from which a transgenic animal develops. The invention provides cDNA encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide which can be used to clone genomic DNA encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide in accordance with established techniques and the genomic sequences used to generate transgenic animals that contain cells which express DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides. Any technique known in the art may be used to introduce a target gene transgene into animals to produce the founder lines of transgenic animals. Such techniques include, but are not limited to pronuclear microinjection (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,873,191, 4,736,866 and 4,870,009); retrovirus mediated gene transfer into germ lines (Van der Putten, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 82:6148-6152 (1985)); gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson, et al., Cell, 56:313-321 (1989)); nonspecific insertional inactivation using a gene trap vector (U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,707); electroporation of embryos (Lo, Mol. Cell. Biol., 3:1803-1814 (1983)); and sperm-mediated gene transfer (Lavitrano, et al., Cell, 57:717-723 (1989)); etc. Typically, particular cells would be targeted for a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 transgene incorporation with tissue-specific enhancers. Transgenic animals that include a copy of a transgene encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide introduced into the germ line of the animal at an embryonic stage can be used to examine the effect of increased expression of DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides. Such animals can be used as tester animals for reagents thought to confer protection from, for example, pathological conditions associated with its overexpression. In accordance with this facet of the invention, an animal is treated with the reagent and a reduced incidence of the pathological condition, compared to untreated animals bearing the transgene, would indicate a potential therapeutic intervention for the pathological condition.

Alternatively, non-human homologues of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides can be used to construct a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 “knock out” animal which has a defective or altered gene encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 proteins as a result of homologous recombination between the endogenous gene encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides and altered genomic DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides introduced into an embryonic stem cell of the animal. Preferably the knock out animal is a mammal. More preferably, the mammal is a rodent such as a rat or mouse. For example, cDNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides can be used to clone genomic DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides in accordance with established techniques. A portion of the genomic DNA encoding the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide can be deleted or replaced with another gene, such as a gene encoding a selectable marker which can be used to monitor integration. Typically, several kilobases of unaltered flanking DNA (both at the 5′ and 3′ ends) are included in the vector [see e.g., Thomas and Capecchi, Cell, 51:503 (1987) for a description of homologous recombination vectors]. The vector is introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by electroporation) and cells in which the introduced DNA has homologously recombined with the endogenous DNA are selected [see e.g., Li et al., Cell, 69:915 (1992)]. The selected cells are then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse or rat) to form aggregation chimeras [see e.g., Bradley, in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, E. J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987), pp. 113-152]. A chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term to create a “knock out” animal. Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be identified by standard techniques and used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the homologously recombined DNA. Knockout animals can be characterized for instance, for their ability to defend against certain pathological conditions and for their development of pathological conditions due to absence of the gene encoding the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

In addition, knockout mice can be highly informative in the discovery of gene function and pharmaceutical utility for a drug target, as well as in the determination of the potential on-target side effects associated with a given target. Gene function and physiology are so well conserved between mice and humans, since they are both mammals and contain similar numbers of genes, which are highly conserved between the species. It has recently been well documented, for example, that 98% of genes on mouse chromosome 16 have a human ortholog (Mural et al., Science 296:1661-71 (2002)).

Although gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells has enabled the construction of mice with null mutations in many genes associated with human disease, not all genetic diseases are attributable to null mutations. One can design valuable mouse models of human diseases by establishing a method for gene replacement (knock-in) which will disrupt the mouse locus and introduce a human counterpart with mutation, Subsequently one can conduct in vivo drug studies targeting the human protein (Kitamoto et. Al., Biochemical and Biophysical Res. Commun., 222:742-47 (1996)).

Nucleic acid encoding the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides may also be used in gene therapy. In gene therapy applications, genes are introduced into cells in order to achieve in vivo synthesis of a therapeutically effective genetic product, for example for replacement of a defective gene. “Gene therapy” includes both conventional gene therapy where a lasting effect is achieved by a single treatment, and the administration of gene therapeutic agents, which involves the one time or repeated administration of a therapeutically effective DNA or mRNA. Antisense RNAs and DNAs can be used as therapeutic agents for blocking the expression of certain genes in vivo. It has already been shown that short antisense oligonucleotides can be imported into cells where they act as inhibitors, despite their low intracellular concentrations caused by their restricted uptake by the cell membrane. (Zamecnik et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:4143-4146 [1986]). The oligonucleotides can be modified to enhance their uptake, e.g. by substituting their negatively charged phosphodiester groups by uncharged groups.

There are a variety of techniques available for introducing nucleic acids into viable cells. The techniques vary depending upon whether the nucleic acid is transferred into cultured cells in vitro, or in vivo in the cells of the intended host. Techniques suitable for the transfer of nucleic acid into mammalian cells in vitro include the use ofliposomcs, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, DEAF-dextran, the calcium phosphate precipitation method, etc. The currently preferred in vivo gene transfer techniques include transfection with viral (typically retroviral) vectors and viral coat protein-liposome mediated transfection (Dzau et al., Trends in Biotechnology 11, 205-210 [1993]). In some situations it is desirable to provide the nucleic acid source with an agent that targets the target cells, such as an antibody specific for a cell surface membrane protein or the target cell, a ligand for a receptor on the target cell, etc. Where liposomes are employed, proteins which bind to a cell surface membrane protein associated with endocytosis may be used for targeting and/or to facilitate uptake, e.g. capsid proteins or fragments thereof tropic for a particular cell type, antibodies for proteins which undergo internalization in cycling, proteins that target intracellular localization and enhance intracellular half-life. The technique of receptor-mediated endocytosis is described, for example, by Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4429-4432 (1987); and Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3410-3414 (1990). For review of gene marking and gene therapy protocols see Anderson et al., Science 256, 808-813 (1992).

The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides described herein may also be employed as molecular weight markers for protein electrophoresis purposes and the isolated nucleic acid sequences may be used for recombinantly expressing those markers.

The nucleic acid molecules encoding the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides or fragments thereof described herein are useful for chromosome identification. In this regard, there exists an ongoing need to identify new chromosome markers, since relatively few chromosome marking reagents, based upon actual sequence data are presently available. Each PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can be used as a chromosome marker.

The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may also be used diagnostically for tissue typing, wherein the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides of the present invention may be differentially expressed in one tissue as compared to another, preferably in a diseased tissue as compared to a normal tissue of the same tissue type. PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 nucleic acid molecules will find use for generating probes for PCR, Northern analysis, Southern analysis and Western analysis.

The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides described herein may also be employed as therapeutic agents. The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides of the present invention can be formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions, whereby the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 product hereof is combined in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier vehicle. Therapeutic formulations are prepared for storage by mixing the active ingredient having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or PEG.

The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, prior to or following lyophilization and reconstitution.

Therapeutic compositions herein generally are placed into a container having a sterile access port, for example, an intravenous solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle.

The route of administration is in accord with known methods, e.g. injection or infusion by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, intramuscular, intraocular, intraarterial or intralesional routes, topical administration, or by sustained release systems.

Dosages and desired drug concentrations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may vary depending on the particular use envisioned. The determination of the appropriate dosage or route of administration is well within the skill of an ordinary physician. Animal experiments provide reliable guidance for the determination of effective doses for human therapy. Interspecies scaling of effective doses can be performed following the principles laid down by Mordenti, J. and Chappell, W. “The use of interspecies scaling in toxicokinetics” In Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Yacobi et al., Eds., Pergamon Press, New York 1989, pp. 42-96.

When in vivo administration of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereof is employed, normal dosage amounts may vary from about 10 ng/kg to up to 100 mg/kg of mammal body weight or more per day, preferably about 1 μg/kg/day to 10 mg/kg/day, depending upon the route of administration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature; see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,657,760; 5,206,344; or 5,225,212. It is anticipated that different formulations will be effective for different treatment compounds and different disorders, that administration targeting one organ or tissue, for example, may necessitate delivery in a manner different from that to another organ or tissue.

Where sustained-release administration of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide is desired in a formulation with release characteristics suitable for the treatment of any disease or disorder requiring administration of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, microencapsulation of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide is contemplated. Microencapsulation of recombinant proteins for sustained release has been successfully performed with human growth hormone (rhGH), interferon-(rhIFN-), interleukin-2, and MN rgp120. Johnson et al., Nat. Med., 2:795-799 (1996); Yasuda, Biomed. Ther., 27:1221-1223 (1993); Hora et al., Bio/Technology, 8:755-758 (1990); Cleland, “Design and Production of Single Immunization Vaccines Using Polylactide Polyglycolide Microsphere Systems,” in Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach, Powell and Newman, eds, (Plenum Press: New York, 1995), pp. 439-462; WO 97/03692, WO 96/40072, WO 96/07399; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,010.

The sustained-release formulations of these proteins were developed using poly-lactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA) polymer due to its bio compatibility and wide range of biodegradable properties. The degradation products of PLGA, lactic and glycolic acids, can be cleared quickly within the human body. Moreover, the degradability of this polymer can be adjusted from months to years depending on its molecular weight and composition. Lewis, “Controlled release of bioactive agents from lactide/glycolide polymer,” in: M. Chasin and R. Langer (Eds.), Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems (Marcel Dekker: New York, 1990), pp. 1-41.

This invention encompasses methods of screening compounds to identify those that mimic the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide (agonists) or prevent the effect of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide (antagonists). Agonists that mimic a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide would be especially valuable therapeutically in those instances where a negative phenotype is observed based on findings with the non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene which encodes for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Antagonists that prevent the effects of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide would be especially valuable therapeutically in those instances where a positive phenotype is observed based upon observations with the non-human transgenic knockout animal. Screening assays for antagonist drug candidates are designed to identify compounds that bind or complex with the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide encoded by the genes identified herein, or otherwise interfere with the interaction of the encoded polypeptide with other cellular proteins. Such screening assays will include assays amenable to high-throughput screening of chemical libraries, making them particularly suitable for identifying small molecule drug candidates.

The assays can be performed in a variety of formats, including protein-protein binding assays, biochemical screening assays, immunoassays, and cell-based assays, which are well characterized in the art.

All assays for antagonists are common in that they call for contacting the drug candidate with a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid identified herein under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow these two components to interact.

In binding assays, the interaction is binding and the complex formed can be isolated or detected in the reaction mixture. The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide encoded by the gene identified herein or the drug candidate is immobilized on a solid phase, e.g., on a microtiter plate, by covalent or non-covalent attachments. Non-covalent attachment generally is accomplished by coating the solid surface with a solution of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and drying. Alternatively, an immobilized antibody, e.g., a monoclonal antibody, specific for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide to be immobilized can be used to anchor it to a solid surface. The assay is performed by adding the non-immobilized component, which may be labeled by a detectable label, to the immobilized component, e.g., the coated surface containing the anchored component. When the reaction is complete, the non-reacted components are removed, e.g., by washing, and complexes anchored on the solid surface are detected. When the originally non-immobilized component carries a detectable label, the detection of label immobilized on the surface indicates that complexing occurred. Where the originally non-immobilized component does not carry a label, complexing can be detected, for example, by using a labeled antibody specifically binding the immobilized complex.

If the candidate compound interacts with but does not bind to a particular PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide encoded by a gene identified herein, its interaction with that polypeptide can be assayed by methods well known for detecting protein-protein interactions. Such assays include traditional approaches, such as, e.g., cross-linking, co-immunoprecipitation, and co-purification through gradients or chromatographic columns. In addition, protein-protein interactions can be monitored by using a yeast-based genetic system described by Fields and co-workers (Fields and Song, Nature (London), 340:245-246 (1989); Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:9578-9582 (1991)) as disclosed by Chevray and Nathans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 5789-5793 (1991). Many transcriptional activators, such as yeast GAL4, consist of two physically discrete modular domains, one acting as the DNA-binding domain, the other one functioning as the transcription-activation domain. The yeast expression system described in the foregoing publications (generally referred to as the “two-hybrid system”) takes advantage of this property, and employs two hybrid proteins, one in which the target protein is fused to the DNA-binding domain of GAL4, and another, in which candidate activating proteins are fused to the activation domain. The expression of a GAL1-lacZ reporter gene under control of a GAL4-activated promoter depends on reconstitution of GAL4 activity via protein-protein interaction. Colonies containing interacting polypeptides are detected with a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase. A complete kit (MATCHMAKER™) for identifying protein-protein interactions between two specific proteins using the two-hybrid technique is commercially available from Clontech. This system can also be extended to map protein domains involved in specific protein interactions as well as to pinpoint amino acid residues that are crucial for these interactions.

Compounds that interfere with the interaction of a gene encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide identified herein and other intra- or extracellular components can be tested as follows: usually a reaction mixture is prepared containing the product of the gene and the intra- or extracellular component under conditions and for a time allowing for the interaction and binding of the two products. To test the ability of a candidate compound to inhibit binding, the reaction is run in the absence and in the presence of the test compound. In addition, a placebo may be added to a third reaction mixture, to serve as positive control. The binding (complex formation) between the test compound and the intra- or extracellular component present in the mixture is monitored as described hereinabove. The formation of a complex in the control reaction(s) but not in the reaction mixture containing the test compound indicates that the test compound interferes with the interaction of the test compound and its reaction partner.

To assay for antagonists, the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be added to a cell along with the compound to be screened for a particular activity and the ability of the compound to inhibit the activity of interest in the presence of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide indicates that the compound is an antagonist to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Alternatively, antagonists may be detected by combining the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and a potential antagonist with membrane-bound PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide receptors or recombinant receptors under appropriate conditions for a competitive inhibition assay. The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide can be labeled, such as by radioactivity, such that the number of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide molecules bound to the receptor can be used to determine the effectiveness of the potential antagonist. The gene encoding the receptor can be identified by numerous methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, ligand panning and FACS sorting. Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Immun., 1(2): Chapter 5 (1991). Preferably, expression cloning is employed wherein polyadenylated RNA is prepared from a cell responsive to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and a cDNA library created from this RNA is divided into pools and used to transfect COS cells or other cells that are not responsive to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Transfected cells that are grown on glass slides are exposed to labeled PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide can be labeled by a variety of means including iodination or inclusion of a recognition site for a site-specific protein kinase. Following fixation and incubation, the slides are subjected to autoradiographic analysis. Positive pools are identified and sub-pools are prepared and re-transfected using an interactive sub-pooling and re-screening process, eventually yielding a single clone that encodes the putative receptor.

As an alternative approach for receptor identification, the labeled PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide can be photoaffinity-linked with cell membrane or extract preparations that express the receptor molecule. Cross-linked material is resolved by PAGE and exposed to X-ray film. The labeled complex containing the receptor can be excised, resolved into peptide fragments, and subjected to protein micro-sequencing. The amino acid sequence obtained from micro-sequencing would be used to design a set of degenerate oligonucleotide probes to screen a cDNA library to identify the gene encoding the putative receptor.

Another approach in assessing the effect of an antagonist to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, would be administering a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 antagonist to a wild-type mouse in order to mimic a known knockout phenotype. Thus, one would initially knockout the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene of interest and observe the resultant phenotype as a consequence of knocking out or disrupting the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene. Subsequently, one could then assess the effectiveness of an antagonist to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide by administering an antagonist to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide to a wild-type mouse. An effective antagonist would be expected to mimic the phenotypic effect that was initially observed in the knockout animal.

Likewise, one could assess the effect of an agonist to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, by administering a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 agonist to a non-human transgenic mouse in order to ameliorate a known negative knockout phenotype. Thus, one would initially knockout the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene of interest and observe the resultant phenotype as a consequence of knocking out or disrupting the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 gene. Subsequently, one could then assess the effectiveness of an agonist to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide by administering an agonist to the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide to a the non-human transgenic mouse. An effective agonist would be expected to ameliorate the negative phenotypic effect that was initially observed in the knockout animal.

In another assay for antagonists, mammalian cells or a membrane preparation expressing the receptor would be incubated with a labeled PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide in the presence of the candidate compound. The ability of the compound to enhance or block this interaction could then be measured.

More specific examples of potential antagonists include an oligonucleotide that binds to the fusions of immunoglobulin with the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, and, in particular, antibodies including, without limitation, poly- and monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments, single-chain antibodies, anti-idiotypic antibodies, and chimeric or humanized versions of such antibodies or fragments, as well as human antibodies and antibody fragments.

Alternatively, a potential antagonist may be a closely related protein, for example, a mutated form of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide that recognizes the receptor but imparts no effect, thereby competitively inhibiting the action of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

Another potential PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide antagonist is an antisense RNA or DNA construct prepared using antisense technology, where, e.g., an antisense RNA or DNA molecule acts to block directly the translation of mRNA by hybridizing to targeted mRNA and preventing protein translation. Antisense technology can be used to control gene expression through triple-helix formation or antisense DNA or RNA, both of which methods are based on binding of a polynucleotide to DNA or RNA. For example, the 5′ coding portion of the polynucleotide sequence, which encodes the mature PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides herein, is used to design an antisense RNA oligonucleotide of from about 10 to 40 base pairs in length. A DNA oligonucleotide is designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription (triple helix—see Lee et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 6:3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science, 241: 456 (1988); Dervan et al., Science, 251:1360 (1991)), thereby preventing transcription and the production of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. The antisense RNA oligonucleotide hybridizes to the mRNA in vivo and blocks translation of the mRNA molecule into the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide (antisense-Okano, Neurochem., 56:560 (1991); Oligodeoxynucleotides as Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression (CRC Press: Boca Raton, Fla., 1988). The oligonucleotides described above can also be delivered to cells such that the antisense RNA or DNA may be expressed in vivo to inhibit production of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. When antisense DNA is used, oligodeoxyribonucleotides derived from the translation-initiation site, e.g., between about −10 and +10 positions of the target gene nucleotide sequence, are preferred.

Potential antagonists include small molecules that bind to the active site, the receptor binding site, or growth factor or other relevant binding site of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, thereby blocking the normal biological activity of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. Examples of small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules, preferably soluble peptides, and synthetic non-peptidyl organic or inorganic compounds.

Ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules capable of catalyzing the specific cleavage of RNA. Ribozymes act by sequence-specific hybridization to the complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a potential RNA target can be identified by known techniques. For further details see, e.g., Rossi, Current Biology, 4:469-471 (1994), and PCT publication No. WO 97/33551 (published Sep. 18, 1997).

Nucleic acid molecules in triple-helix formation used to inhibit transcription should be single-stranded and composed of deoxynucleotides. The base composition of these oligonucleotides is designed such that it promotes triple-helix formation via Hoogsteen base-pairing rules, which generally require sizeable stretches of purines or pyrimidines on one strand of a duplex. For further details see, e.g., PCT publication No. WO 97/33551, supra.

These small molecules can be identified by any one or more of the screening assays discussed hereinabove and/or by any other screening techniques well known for those skilled in the art.

Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of the herein disclosed molecules may also be based upon the positive functional assay hits disclosed and described below.

F. Anti-PRO194, Anti-PRO220, Anti-PRO241, Anti-PRO284, Anti-PRO331, Anti-PRO354, Anti-PRO355, Anti-PRO533, Anti-PRO541, Anti-PRO725, Anti-PRO937, Anti-PRO1014, Anti-PRO1120, Anti-PRO1182, Anti-PRO1325, Anti-PRO1382, Anti-PRO1410, Anti-PRO1555, Anti-PRO1556, Anti-PRO1760, Anti-PRO1787, Anti-PRO1868, Anti-PRO4326, Anti-PRO4332, Anti-PRO4346, Anti-PRO4400, Anti-PRO6003, Anti-PRO6094, Anti-PRO6244, Anti-PRO9820, Anti-PRO9828, Anti-PRO10274, Anti-PRO16090, Anti-PRO19644, Anti-PRO21340, Anti-PRO92165, Anti-PRO85143, Anti-PRO1124, Anti-PRO1026 or Anti-PRO23370 Antibodies

The present invention provides anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies which may find use herein as therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents. Exemplary antibodies include polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, bispecific, and heteroconjugate antibodies.

1. Polyclonal Antibodies

Polyclonal antibodies are preferably raised in animals by multiple subcutaneous (sc) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of the relevant antigen and an adjuvant. It may be useful to conjugate the relevant antigen (especially when synthetic peptides are used) to a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized For example, the antigen can be conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor, using a bifunctional or derivatizing agent, e.g., maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues), N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde, succinic anhydride, SOCl₂, or R¹N═C═NR, where R and R¹ are different alkyl groups.

Animals are immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining, e.g., 100 μg or 5 μg of the protein or conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites. One month later, the animals are boosted with ⅕ to 1/10 the original amount of peptide or conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites. Seven to 14 days later, the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus. Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions. Also, aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response.

2. Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567).

In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal, such as a hamster, is immunized as described above to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein used for immunization. Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. After immunization, lymphocytes are isolated and then fused with a myeloma cell line using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)).

The hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium which medium preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells (also referred to as fusion partner). For example, if the parental myeloma cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the selective culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.

Preferred fusion partner myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high-level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a selective medium that selects against the unfused parental cells. Preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, Calif. USA, and SP-2 and derivatives e.g., X63-Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA. Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol., 133:3001 (1984); and Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)).

Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen. Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis described in Munson et al., Anal. Biochem., 107:220 (1980).

Once hybridoma cells that produce antibodies of the desired specificity, affinity, and/or activity are identified, the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium. In addition, the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal e.g., by i.p. injection of the cells into mice.

The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum by conventional antibody purification procedures such as, for example, affinity chromatography (e.g., using protein A or protein G-Sepharose) or ion-exchange chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, etc.

DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies). The hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce antibody protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells. Review articles on recombinant expression in bacteria of DNA encoding the antibody include Skerra et al., Curr. Opinion in Immunol., 5:256-262 (1993) and Plückthun, Immunol. Revs. 130:151-188 (1992).

Monoclonal antibodies or antibody fragments can be isolated from antibody phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-554 (1990). Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991) describe the isolation of murine and human antibodies, respectively, using phage libraries. Subsequent publications describe the production of high affinity (nM range) human antibodies by chain shuffling (Marks et al., Bio/Technology, 10:779-783 (1992)), as well as combinatorial infection and in vivo recombination as a strategy for constructing very large phage libraries (Waterhouse et al., Nuc. Acids. Res. 21:2265-2266 (1993)). Thus, these techniques are viable alternatives to traditional monoclonal antibody hybridoma techniques for isolation of monoclonal antibodies.

The DNA that encodes the antibody may be modified to produce chimeric or fusion antibody polypeptides, for example, by substituting human heavy chain and light chain constant domain (C_(H) and C^(L)) sequences for the homologous murine sequences (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851 (1984)), or by fusing the immunoglobulin coding sequence with all or part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide (heterologous polypeptide). The non-immunoglobulin polypeptide sequences can substitute for the constant domains of an antibody, or they are substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody to create a chimeric bivalent antibody comprising one antigen-combining site having specificity for an antigen and another antigen-combining site having specificity for a different antigen.

3. Human and Humanized Antibodies

The anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies of the invention may further comprise humanized antibodies or human antibodies. Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂ or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin [Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-329 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol., 2:593-596 (1992)].

Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers [Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)], by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.

The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to reduce antigenicity and HAMA response (human anti-mouse antibody) when the antibody is intended for human therapeutic use. According to the so-called “best-fit” method, the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable domain sequences. The human V domain sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is identified and the human framework region (FR) within it accepted for the humanized antibody (Sims et al., J. Immunol. 151:2296 (1993); Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol., 196:901 (1987)). Another method uses a particular framework region derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains. The same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285 (1992); Presta et al., J. Immunol. 151:2623 (1993)).

It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high binding affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, according to a preferred method, humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the hypervariable region residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.

Various forms of a humanized anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody are contemplated. For example, the humanized antibody may be an antibody fragment, such as a Fab, which is optionally conjugated with one or more cytotoxic agent(s) in order to generate an immunoconjugate. Alternatively, the humanized antibody may be an intact antibody, such as an intact IgG1 antibody.

As an alternative to humanization, human antibodies can be generated. For example, it is now possible to produce transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production. For example, it has been described that the homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy-chain joining region (J_(H)) gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array into such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. See, e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:2551 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362:255-258 (1993); Bruggemann et al., Year in Immuno. 7:33 (1993); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,806, 5,569,825, 5,591,669 (all of GenPharm); 5,545,807; and WO 97/17852.

Alternatively, phage display technology (McCafferty et al., Nature 348:552-553 [1990]) can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V) domain gene repertoires from unimmunized donors. According to this technique, antibody V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage, such as M13 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments on the surface of the phage particle. Because the filamentous particle contains a single-stranded DNA copy of the phage genome, selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting those properties. Thus, the phage mimics some of the properties of the B-cell. Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats, reviewed in, e.g., Johnson, Kevin S, and Chiswell, David J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3:564-571 (1993). Several sources of V-gene segments can be used for phage display. Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) isolated a diverse array of anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library of V genes derived from the spleens of immunized mice. A repertoire of V genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and antibodies to a diverse array of antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al., EMBO J. 12:725-734 (1993). See, also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,332 and 5,573,905.

As discussed above, human antibodies may also be generated by in vitro activated B cells (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,567,610 and 5,229,275).

4. Antibody Fragments

In certain circumstances there are advantages of using antibody fragments, rather than whole antibodies. The smaller size of the fragments allows for rapid clearance, and may lead to improved access to solid tumors.

Various techniques have been developed for the production of antibody fragments. Traditionally, these fragments were derived via proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g., Morimoto et al., Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117 (1992); and Brennan et al., Science, 229:81 (1985)). However, these fragments can now be produced directly by recombinant host cells. Fab, Fv and ScFv antibody fragments can all be expressed in and secreted from E. coli, thus allowing the facile production of large amounts of these fragments. Antibody fragments can be isolated from the antibody phage libraries discussed above. Alternatively, Fab′-SH fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab′)₂ fragments (Carter et al., Bio/Technology 10:163-167 (1992)). According to another approach, F(ab′)₂ fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture. Fab and F(ab′)₂ fragment with increased in vivo half-life comprising a salvage receptor binding epitope residues are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,046. Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner. The antibody of choice is a single chain Fv fragment (scFv). See WO 93/16185; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,894; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,458. Fv and sFv are the only species with intact combining sites that are devoid of constant regions; thus, they are suitable for reduced nonspecific binding during in vivo use. sFv fusion proteins may be constructed to yield fusion of an effector protein at either the amino or the carboxy terminus of an sFv. See Antibody Engineering, ed. Borrebaeck, supra. The antibody fragment may also be a “linear antibody”, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870 for example. Such linear antibody fragments may be monospecific or bispecific.

5. Bispecific Antibodies

Bispecific antibodies are antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different epitopes. Exemplary bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 protein as described herein. Other such antibodies may combine a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 binding site with a binding site for another protein. Alternatively, an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 arm may be combined with an arm which binds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g. CD3), or Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR), such as FcγRI (CD64), FcγRII (CD32) and FcγRIII (CD16), so as to focus and localize cellular defense mechanisms to the PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-expressing cell. Bispecific antibodies may also be used to localize cytotoxic agents to cells which express a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide. These antibodies possess a PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026 or PRO23370-binding arm and an arm which binds the cytotoxic agent (e.g., saporin, anti-interferon-α, vinca alkaloid, ricin A chain, methotrexate or radioactive isotope hapten). Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g., F(ab′)₂ bispecific antibodies).

WO 96/16673 describes a bispecific anti-ErbB2/anti-FcγRIII antibody and U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,234 discloses a bispecific anti-ErbB2/anti-FcγRI antibody. A bispecific anti-ErbB2/Fcα antibody is shown in WO98/02463. U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337 teaches a bispecific anti-ErbB2/anti-CD3 antibody.

Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art. Traditional production of full length bispecific antibodies is based on the co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pairs, where the two chains have different specificities (Millstein et al., Nature 305:537-539 (1983)). Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of 10 different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific structure. Purification of the correct molecule, which is usually done by affinity chromatography steps, is rather cumbersome, and the product yields are low. Similar procedures are disclosed in WO 93/08829, and in Traunecker et al., EMBO J. 10:3655-3659 (1991).

According to a different approach, antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificity (antibody-antigen combining sites) are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. Preferably, the fusion is with an Ig heavy chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, C_(H)2, and C_(H)3 regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant region (C_(H)1) containing the site necessary for light chain bonding, present in at least one of the fusions. DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host cell. This provides for greater flexibility in adjusting the mutual proportions of the three polypeptide fragments when unequal ratios of the three polypeptide chains used in the construction provide the optimum yield of the desired bispecific antibody. It is, however, possible to insert the coding sequences for two or all three polypeptide chains into a single expression vector when the expression of at least two polypeptide chains in equal ratios results in high yields or when the ratios have no significant affect on the yield of the desired chain combination.

The invention provides bispecific antibodies which are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pair (providing a second binding specificity) in the other arm. It was found that this asymmetric structure facilitates the separation of the desired bispecific compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain combinations, as the presence of an immunoglobulin light chain in only one half of the bispecific molecule provides for a facile way of separation. This approach is disclosed in WO 94/04690. For further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al., Methods in Enzymology 121:210 (1986).

According to another approach described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,168, the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recombinant cell culture. The preferred interface comprises at least a part of the C_(H)3 domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan). Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine). This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers.

Bispecific antibodies include cross-linked or “heteroconjugate” antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin, the other to biotin. Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980), and for treatment of HIV infection (WO 91/00360, WO 92/200373, and EP 03089). Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, along with a number of cross-linking techniques.

Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have also been described in the literature. For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage. Brennan et al., Science 229:81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab′)₂ fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent, sodium arsenite, to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab′ fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab′-TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab′-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethyl amine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the other Fab′-TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes.

Recent progress has facilitated the direct recovery of Fab′-SH fragments from E. coli, which can be chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies. Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med. 175: 217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized bispecific antibody F(ab′)₂molecule. Each Fab′ fragment was separately secreted from E. coli and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the ErbB2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well as trigger the lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast tumor targets. Various techniques for making and isolating bispecific antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been described. For example, bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148(5):1547-1553 (1992). The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab′ portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion. The antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody homodimers. The “diabody” technology described by Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for making bispecific antibody fragments. The fragments comprise a V_(H) connected to a V_(L) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the V_(H) and V_(L) domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary V_(L) and V_(H) domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites. Another strategy for making bispecific antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers has also been reported. See Gruber et al., J. Immunol., 152:5368 (1994).

Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated. For example, trispecific antibodies can be prepared. Tutt et al., J. 1 mmol. 147:60 (1991).

6. Heteroconjugate Antibodies

Heteroconjugate antibodies are also within the scope of the present invention. Heteroconjugate antibodies are composed of two covalently joined antibodies. Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells [U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980], and for treatment of HIV infection [WO 91/00360; WO 92/200373; EP 03089]. It is contemplated that the antibodies may be prepared in vitro using known methods in synthetic protein chemistry, including those involving crosslinking agents. For example, immunotoxins may be constructed using a disulfide exchange reaction or by forming a thioether bond. Examples of suitable reagents for this purpose include iminothiolate and methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate and those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980.

7. Multivalent Antibodies

A multivalent antibody may be internalized (and/or catabolized) faster than a bivalent antibody by a cell expressing an antigen to which the antibodies bind. The antibodies of the present invention can be multivalent antibodies (which are other than of the IgM class) with three or more antigen binding sites (e.g. tetravalent antibodies), which can be readily produced by recombinant expression of nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide chains of the antibody. The multivalent antibody can comprise a dimerization domain and three or more antigen binding sites. The preferred dimerization domain comprises (or consists of) an Fc region or a hinge region. In this scenario, the antibody will comprise an Fc region and three or more antigen binding sites amino-terminal to the Fc region. The preferred multivalent antibody herein comprises (or consists of) three to about eight, but preferably four, antigen binding sites. The multivalent antibody comprises at least one polypeptide chain (and preferably two polypeptide chains), wherein the polypeptide chain(s) comprise two or more variable domains. For instance, the polypeptide chain(s) may comprise VD1-(X1)_(n)-VD2-(X2)_(n)-Fc, wherein VD1 is a first variable domain, VD2 is a second variable domain, Fc is one polypeptide chain of an Fc region, X1 and X2 represent an amino acid or polypeptide, and n is 0 or 1. For instance, the polypeptide chain(s) may comprise: VH-CH1-flexible linker-VH-CHI-Fc region chain; or VII-CHI-VII-CHI-Fc region chain. The multivalent antibody herein preferably further comprises at least two (and preferably four) light chain variable domain polypeptides. The multivalent antibody herein may, for instance, comprise from about two to about eight light chain variable domain polypeptides. The light chain variable domain polypeptides contemplated here comprise a light chain variable domain and, optionally, further comprise a CL domain.

8. Effector Function Engineering

It may be desirable to modify the antibody of the invention with respect to effector function, e.g., so as to enhance antigen-dependent cell-mediated cyotoxicity (ADCC) and/or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of the antibody. This may be achieved by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions in an Fc region of the antibody. Alternatively or additionally, cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). See Caron et al., J. Exp Med. 176:1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, B. J. Immunol. 148:2918-2922 (1992). Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al., Cancer Research 53:2560-2565 (1993). Alternatively, an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities. See Stevenson et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219-230 (1989). To increase the serum half life of the antibody, one may incorporate a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antibody (especially an antibody fragment) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,277, for example. As used herein, the term “salvage receptor binding epitope” refers to an epitope of the Fe region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgG₁, IgG₂, IgG₃, or IgG₄) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule.

9. Immunoconjugates

The invention also pertains to immunoconjugates comprising an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, a growth inhibitory agent, a toxin (e.g., an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate).

Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the generation of such immunoconjugates have been described above. Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof that can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin, and the tricothecenes. A variety of radionuclides are available for the production of radioconjugated antibodies. Examples include ²¹²Bi, ¹³¹I, ¹³¹In, ⁹⁰Y, and ¹⁸⁶Re. Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein-coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al., Science, 238: 1098 (1987). Carbon-14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See WO94/11026.

Conjugates of an antibody and one or more small molecule toxins, such as a calicheamicin, maytansinoids, a trichothene, and CC1065, and the derivatives of these toxins that have toxin activity, are also contemplated herein.

Maytansine and Maytansinoids

The invention provides an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody (full length or fragments) which is conjugated to one or more maytansinoid molecules.

Maytansinoids are mitototic inhibitors which act by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Maytansine was first isolated from the east African shrub Maytenus serrata (U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,111). Subsequently, it was discovered that certain microbes also produce maytansinoids, such as maytansinol and C-3 maytansinol esters (U.S. Pat. No. 4,151,042). Synthetic maytansinol and derivatives and analogues thereof are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,137,230; 4,248,870; 4,256,746; 4,260,608; 4,265,814; 4,294,757; 4,307,016; 4,308,268; 4,308,269; 4,309,428; 4,313,946; 4,315,929; 4,317,821; 4,322,348; 4,331,598; 4,361,650; 4,364,866; 4,424,219; 4,450,254; 4,362,663; and 4,371,533, the disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

Maytansinoid-Antibody Conjugates

In an attempt to improve their therapeutic index, maytansine and maytansinoids have been conjugated to antibodies specifically binding to tumor cell antigens. Immunoconjugates containing maytansinoids and their therapeutic use are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,020, 5,416,064 and European Patent EP 0 425 235 B1, the disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference. Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8618-8623 (1996) described immunoconjugates comprising a maytansinoid designated DM1 linked to the monoclonal antibody 0242 directed against human colorectal cancer. The conjugate was found to be highly cytotoxic towards cultured colon cancer cells, and showed antitumor activity in an in vivo tumor growth assay. Chari et al., Cancer Research 52:127-131 (1992) describe immunoconjugates in which a maytansinoid was conjugated via a disulfide linker to the murine antibody A7 binding to an antigen on human colon cancer cell lines, or to another murine monoclonal antibody TA.1 that binds the HER-2/neu oncogene. The cytotoxicity of the TA.1-maytansonoid conjugate was tested in vitro on the human breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3, which expresses 3×10⁵ HER-2 surface antigens per cell. The drug conjugate achieved a degree of cytotoxicity similar to the free maytansonid drug, which could be increased by increasing the number of maytansinoid molecules per antibody molecule. The A7-maytansinoid conjugate showed low systemic cytotoxicity in mice.

Anti-PRO194, Anti-PRO220, Anti-PRO241, Anti-PRO284, Anti-PRO331, Anti-PRO354, Anti-PRO355, Anti-PRO533, Anti-PRO541, Anti-PRO725, Anti-PRO937, Anti-PRO1014, Anti-PRO1120, Anti-PRO1182, Anti-PRO1325, Anti-PRO1382, Anti-PRO1410, Anti-PRO1555, Anti-PRO1556, Anti-PRO1760, Anti-PRO1787, Anti-PRO1868, Anti-PRO4326, Anti-PRO4332, Anti-PRO4346, Anti-PRO4400, Anti-PRO6003, Anti-PRO6094, Anti-PRO6244, Anti-PRO9820, Anti-PRO9828, Anti-PRO10274, Anti-PRO16090, Anti-PRO19644, Anti-PRO21340, Anti-PRO92165, Anti-PRO85143, Anti-PRO1124, Anti-PRO1026 or Anti-PRO23370 Antibody-Maytansinoid Conjugates (Immunoconjugates)

Anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody-maytansinoid conjugates are prepared by chemically linking an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody to a maytansinoid molecule without significantly diminishing the biological activity of either the antibody or the maytansinoid molecule. An average of 3-4 maytansinoid molecules conjugated per antibody molecule has shown efficacy in enhancing cytotoxicity of target cells without negatively affecting the function or solubility of the antibody, although even one molecule of toxin/antibody would be expected to enhance cytotoxicity over the use of naked antibody. Maytansinoids are well known in the art and can be synthesized by known techniques or isolated from natural sources. Suitable maytansinoids are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020 and in the other patents and nonpatent publications referred to hereinabove. Preferred maytansinoids are maytansinol and maytansinol analogues modified in the aromatic ring or at other positions of the maytansinol molecule, such as various maytansinol esters.

There are many linking groups known in the art for making antibody-maytansinoid conjugates, including, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020 or EP Patent 0 425 235 B1, and Chari et al., Cancer Research 52:127-131 (1992). The linking groups include disufide groups, thioether groups, acid labile groups, photolabile groups, peptidase labile groups, or esterase labile groups, as disclosed in the above-identified patents, disulfide and thioether groups being preferred.

Conjugates of the antibody and maytansinoid may be made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as toluene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). Particularly preferred coupling agents include N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) (Carlsson et al., Biochem. J. 173:723-737 [1978]) and N-succinimidyl-4-(2-pyridylthio)pentanoate (SPP) to provide for a disulfide linkage.

The linker may be attached to the maytansinoid molecule at various positions, depending on the type of the link For example, an ester linkage may be formed by reaction with a hydroxyl group using conventional coupling techniques. The reaction may occur at the C-3 position having a hydroxyl group, the C-14 position modified with hyrdoxymethyl, the C-15 position modified with a hydroxyl group, and the C-20 position having a hydroxyl group. The linkage is formed at the C-3 position of maytansinol or a maytansinol analogue.

Calicheamicin

Another immunoconjugate of interest comprises an anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody conjugated to one or more calicheamicin molecules. The calicheamicin family of antibiotics are capable of producing double-stranded DNA breaks at sub-picomolar concentrations. For the preparation of conjugates of the calicheamicin family, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,712,374, 5,714,586, 5,739,116, 5,767,285, 5,770,701, 5,770,710, 5,773,001, 5,877,296 (all to American Cyanamid Company). Structural analogues of calicheamicin which may be used include, but are not limited to, γ₁ ^(T), α₂ ^(T), α₃ ^(T), N-acetyl-γ₁ ^(T), PSAG and θ′, (Hinman et al., Cancer Research 53:3336-3342 (1993), Lode et al., Cancer Research 58:2925-2928 (1998) and the aforementioned U.S. patents to American Cyanamid). Another anti-tumor drug that the antibody can be conjugated is QFA which is an antifolate. Both calicheamicin and QFA have intracellular sites of action and do not readily cross the plasma membrane. Therefore, cellular uptake of these agents through antibody mediated internalization greatly enhances their cytotoxic effects.

Other Cytotoxic Agents

Other antitumor agents that can be conjugated to the anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies of the invention include BCNU, streptozoicin, vincristine and 5-fluorouracil, the family of agents known collectively LL-E33288 complex described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,053,394, 5,770,710, as well as esperamicins (U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,296).

Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin and the tricothecenes. See, for example, WO 93/21232 published Oct. 28, 1993.

The present invention further contemplates an immunoconjugate formed between an antibody and a compound with nucleolytic activity (e.g., a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease such as a deoxyribonuclease; DNase).

For selective destruction of the tumor, the antibody may comprise a highly radioactive atom. A variety of radioactive isotopes are available for the production of radioconjugated anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies. Examples include At²¹¹, I¹³¹, I¹²⁵, Y⁹⁰, Re¹⁸⁶, Sm¹⁵³, Bi²¹², P³², Pb²¹² and radioactive isotopes of Lu. When the conjugate is used for diagnosis, it may comprise a radioactive atom for scintigraphic studies, for example tc^(99m) or I¹²³, or a spin label for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging (also known as magnetic resonance imaging, mri), such as iodine-123 again, iodine-131, indium-111, fluorine-19, carbon-13, nitrogen-15, oxygen-17, gadolinium, manganese or iron.

The radio- or other labels may be incorporated in the conjugate in known ways. For example, the peptide may be biosynthesized or may be synthesized by chemical amino acid synthesis using suitable amino acid precursors involving, for example, fluorine-19 in place of hydrogen. Labels such as tc^(99m) or I¹²³, Re¹⁸⁶, Re¹⁸⁸ and In¹¹¹ can be attached via a cysteine residue in the peptide. Yttrium-90 can be attached via a lysine residue. The IODOGEN method (Fraker et al (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 80: 49-57 can be used to incorporate iodine-123. “Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunoscintigraphy” (Chatal, CRC Press 1989) describes other methods in detail.

Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al., Science 238:1098 (1987). Carbon-14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See WO94/11026. The linker may be a “cleavable linker” facilitating release of the cytotoxic drug in the cell. For example, an acid-labile linker, peptidase-sensitive linker, photolabile linker, dimethyl linker or disulfide-containing linker (Chari et al., Cancer Research 52:127-131 (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020) may be used.

Alternatively, a fusion protein comprising the anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made, e.g., by recombinant techniques or peptide synthesis. The length of DNA may comprise respective regions encoding the two portions of the conjugate either adjacent one another or separated by a region encoding a linker peptide which does not destroy the desired properties of the conjugate.

The invention provides that the antibody may be conjugated to a “receptor” (such streptavidin) for utilization in tumor pre-targeting wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a “ligand” (e.g., avidin) which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e.g., a radionucleotide).

10. Immunoliposomes

The anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies disclosed herein may also be formulated as immunoliposomes. A “liposome” is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug to a mammal. The components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes. Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3688 (1985); Hwang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4030 (1980); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and WO97/38731 published Oct. 23, 1997. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556.

Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter. Fab′ fragments of the antibody of the present invention can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 257:286-288 (1982) via a disulfide interchange reaction. A chemotherapeutic agent is optionally contained within the liposome. See Gabizon et al., J. National Cancer Inst. 81(19):1484 (1989).

11. Pharmaceutical Compositions of Antibodies

Antibodies specifically binding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide identified herein, as well as other molecules identified by the screening assays disclosed hereinbefore, can be administered for the treatment of various disorders in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.

If the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide is intracellular and whole antibodies are used as inhibitors, internalizing antibodies are preferred. However, lipofections or liposomes can also be used to deliver the antibody, or an antibody fragment, into cells. Where antibody fragments are used, the smallest inhibitory fragment that specifically binds to the binding domain of the target protein is preferred. For example, based upon the variable-region sequences of an antibody, peptide molecules can be designed that retain the ability to bind the target protein sequence. Such peptides can be synthesized chemically and/or produced by recombinant DNA technology. See, e.g., Marasco et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 7889-7893 (1993). The formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other. Alternatively, or in addition, the composition may comprise an agent that enhances its function, such as, for example, a cytotoxic agent, cytokine, chemotherapeutic agent, or growth-inhibitory agent. Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.

The active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin micro spheres, microemulsions, nano-particles, and nano capsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, supra.

The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.

Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and γ ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT™ (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods. When encapsulated antibodies remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37° C., resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S—S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.

G. Uses for Anti-PRO194, Anti-PRO220, Anti-PRO241, Anti-PRO284, Anti-PRO331, Anti-PRO354, Anti-PRO355, Anti-PRO533, Anti-PRO541, Anti-PRO725, Anti-PRO937, Anti-PRO1014, Anti-PRO1120, Anti-PRO1182, Anti-PRO1325, Anti-PRO1382, Anti-PRO1410, Anti-PRO1555, Anti-PRO1556, Anti-PRO1760, Anti-PRO1787, Anti-PRO1868, Anti-PRO4326, Anti-PRO4332, Anti-PRO4346, Anti-PRO4400, Anti-PRO6003, Anti-PRO6094, Anti-PRO6244, Anti-PRO9820, Anti-PRO9828, Anti-PRO10274, Anti-PRO16090, Anti-PRO19644, Anti-PRO21340, Anti-PRO92165, Anti-PRO85143, Anti-PRO1124, Anti-PRO1026 or Anti-PRO23370 Antibodies

The anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies of the invention have various therapeutic and/or diagnostic utilities for a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; an embryonic developmental disorder or lethality, or a metabolic abnormality. For example, anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies may be used in diagnostic assays for PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370, e.g., detecting its expression (and in some cases, differential expression) in specific cells, tissues, or serum. Various diagnostic assay techniques known in the art may be used, such as competitive binding assays, direct or indirect sandwich assays and immunoprecipitation assays conducted in either heterogeneous or homogeneous phases [Zola, Monoclonal Antibodies: A Manual of Techniques, CRC Press, Inc. (1987) pp. 147-158]. The antibodies used in the diagnostic assays can be labeled with a detectable moiety. The detectable moiety should be capable of producing, either directly or indirectly, a detectable signal. For example, the detectable moiety may be a radioisotope, such as ³H, ¹⁴C, ³²P, ³⁵S, or ¹²⁵I, a fluorescent or chemiluminescent compound, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, or luciferin, or an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase or horseradish peroxidase. Any method known in the art for conjugating the antibody to the detectable moiety may be employed, including those methods described by Hunter et al., Nature, 144:945 (1962); David et al., Biochemistry, 13:1014 (1974); Pain et al., J. Immunol. Meth., 40:219 (1981); and Nygren, J. Histochem, and Cytochem., 30:407 (1982).

Anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies also are useful for the affinity purification of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides from recombinant cell culture or natural sources. In this process, the antibodies against PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides are immobilized on a suitable support, such a Sephadex resin or filter paper, using methods well known in the art. The immobilized antibody then is contacted with a sample containing the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide to be purified, and thereafter the support is washed with a suitable solvent that will remove substantially all the material in the sample except the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, which is bound to the immobilized antibody. Finally, the support is washed with another suitable solvent that will release the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide from the antibody.

The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.

All patent and literature references cited in the present specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

EXAMPLES

Commercially available reagents referred to in the examples were used according to manufacturer's instructions unless otherwise indicated. The source of those cells identified in the following examples, and throughout the specification, by ATCC accession numbers is the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.

Example 1 Extracellular Domain Homology Screening to Identify Novel Polypeptides and cDNA Encoding Therefor

The extracellular domain (ECD) sequences (including the secretion signal sequence, if any) from about 950 known secreted proteins from the Swiss-Prot public database were used to search EST databases. The EST databases included public databases (e.g., Dayhoff, GenBank), and proprietary databases (e.g. LIFESEQ™, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.). The search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST-2 (Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)) as a comparison of the ECD protein sequences to a 6 frame translation of the EST sequences. Those comparisons with a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.).

Using this extracellular domain homology screen, consensus DNA sequences were assembled relative to the other identified EST sequences using phrap. In addition, the consensus DNA sequences obtained were often (but not always) extended using repeated cycles of BLAST or BLAST-2 and phrap to extend the consensus sequence as far as possible using the sources of EST sequences discussed above.

Based upon the consensus sequences obtained as described above, oligonucleotides were then synthesized and used to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest and for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for a PRO polypeptide. Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 bp in length. In some cases, additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5 kbp. In order to screen several libraries for a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.

The cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

Example 2 Isolation of cDNA Clones by Amylase Screening 1. Preparation of Oligo dT Primed cDNA Library

mRNA was isolated from a human tissue of interest using reagents and protocols from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. (Fast Track 2). This RNA was used to generate an oligo dT primed cDNA library in the vector pRK5D using reagents and protocols from Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md. (Super Script Plasmid System). In this procedure, the double stranded cDNA was sized to greater than 1000 bp and the SalI/NotI linkered cDNA was cloned into XhoI/NotI cleaved vector. pRK5D is a cloning vector that has an sp6 transcription initiation site followed by an SfiI restriction enzyme site preceding the XhoI/NotI cDNA cloning sites.

2. Preparation of Random Primed cDNA Library

A secondary cDNA library was generated in order to preferentially represent the 5′ ends of the primary cDNA clones. Sp6 RNA was generated from the primary library (described above), and this RNA was used to generate a random primed cDNA library in the vector pSST-AMY.0 using reagents and protocols from Life Technologies (Super Script Plasmid System, referenced above). In this procedure the double stranded cDNA was sized to 500-1000 bp, linkered with blunt to NotI adaptors, cleaved with SfiI, and cloned into SfiI/NotI cleaved vector. pSST-AMY.0 is a cloning vector that has a yeast alcohol dehydrogenase promoter preceding the cDNA cloning sites and the mouse amylase sequence (the mature sequence without the secretion signal) followed by the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase terminator, after the cloning sites. Thus, cDNAs cloned into this vector that are fused in frame with amylase sequence will lead to the secretion of amylase from appropriately transfected yeast colonies.

3. Transformation and Detection

DNA from the library described in paragraph 2 above was chilled on ice to which was added electrocompetent DH10B bacteria (Life Technologies, 20 ml). The bacteria and vector mixture was then electroporated as recommended by the manufacturer. Subsequently, SOC media (Life Technologies, 1 ml) was added and the mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. The transformants were then plated onto 20 standard 150 mm LB plates containing ampicillin and incubated for 16 hours (37° C.). Positive colonies were scraped off the plates and the DNA was isolated from the bacterial pellet using standard protocols, e.g. CsCl-gradient. The purified DNA was then carried on to the yeast protocols below.

The yeast methods were divided into three categories: (1) Transformation of yeast with the plasmid/cDNA combined vector; (2) Detection and isolation of yeast clones secreting amylase; and (3) PCR amplification of the insert directly from the yeast colony and purification of the DNA for sequencing and further analysis.

The yeast strain used was HD56-5A (ATCC-90785). This strain has the following genotype: MAT alpha, ura3-52, leu2-3, leu2-112, his3-11, his3-15, MAL⁺, SUC⁺, GAL⁺. Preferably, yeast mutants can be employed that have deficient post-translational pathways. Such mutants may have translocation deficient alleles in sec71, sec72, sec62, with truncated sec71 being most preferred. Alternatively, antagonists (including antisense nucleotides and/or ligands) which interfere with the normal operation of these genes, other proteins implicated in this post translation pathway (e.g., SEC61p, SEC72p, SEC62p, SEC63p, TDJ1p or SSA1p-4p) or the complex formation of these proteins may also be preferably employed in combination with the amylase-expressing yeast.

Transformation was performed based on the protocol outlined by Gietz et al., Nucl. Acid. Res., 20:1425 (1992). Transformed cells were then inoculated from agar into YEPD complex media broth (100 ml) and grown overnight at 30° C. The YEPD broth was prepared as described in Kaiser et al., Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., p. 207 (1994). The overnight culture was then diluted to about 2×10⁶ cells/ml (approx. OD₆₀₀=0.1) into fresh YEPD broth (500 ml) and regrown to 1×10⁷ cells/ml (approx. OD₆₀₀=0.4-0.5).

The cells were then harvested and prepared for transformation by transfer into GS3 rotor bottles in a Sorval GS3 rotor at 5,000 rpm for 5 minutes, the supernatant discarded, and then resuspended into sterile water, and centrifuged again in 50 ml falcon tubes at 3,500 rpm in a Beckman GS-6KR centrifuge. The supernatant was discarded and the cells were subsequently washed with LiAc/TE (10 ml, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA pH 7.5, 100 mM Li₂OOCCH₃), and resuspended into LiAc/TE (2.5 ml).

Transformation took place by mixing the prepared cells (100 μl) with freshly denatured single stranded salmon testes DNA (Lofstrand Labs, Gaithersburg, Md.) and transforming DNA (1 μg, vol. <10 μl) in microfuge tubes. The mixture was mixed briefly by vortexing, then 40% PEG/TE (600 μl, 40% polyethylene glycol-4000, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM Li₂OOCCH₃, pH 7.5) was added. This mixture was gently mixed and incubated at 30° C. while agitating for 30 minutes. The cells were then heat shocked at 42° C. for 15 minutes, and the reaction vessel centrifuged in a microfuge at 12,000 rpm for 5-10 seconds, decanted and resuspended into TE (500 μl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA pH 7.5) followed by recentrifugation. The cells were then diluted into TE (1 ml) and aliquots (200 μl) were spread onto the selective media previously prepared in 150 mm growth plates (VWR).

Alternatively, instead of multiple small reactions, the transformation was performed using a single, large scale reaction, wherein reagent amounts were scaled up accordingly.

The selective media used was a synthetic complete dextrose agar lacking uracil (SCD-Ura) prepared as described in Kaiser et al., Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., p. 208-210 (1994). Transformants were grown at 30° C. for 2-3 days.

The detection of colonies secreting amylase was performed by including red starch in the selective growth media. Starch was coupled to the red dye (Reactive Red-120, Sigma) as per the procedure described by Biely et al., Anal. Biochem., 172:176-179 (1988). The coupled starch was incorporated into the SCD-Ura agar plates at a final concentration of 0.15% (w/v), and was buffered with potassium phosphate to a pH of 7.0 (50-100 mM final concentration).

The positive colonies were picked and streaked across fresh selective media (onto 150 mm plates) in order to obtain well isolated and identifiable single colonies. Well isolated single colonies positive for amylase secretion were detected by direct incorporation of red starch into buffered SCD-Ura agar. Positive colonies were determined by their ability to break down starch resulting in a clear halo around the positive colony visualized directly.

4. Isolation of DNA by PCR Amplification

When a positive colony was isolated, a portion of it was picked by a toothpick and diluted into sterile water (30 μl) in a 96 well plate. At this time, the positive colonies were either frozen and stored for subsequent analysis or immediately amplified. An aliquot of cells (5 μl) was used as a template for the PCR reaction in a 25 μl volume containing: 0.5 μl Klentaq (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.); 4.0 μl 10 mM dNTP's (Perkin Elmer-Cetus); 2.5 μl Kentaq buffer (Clontech); 0.25 μl forward oligo 1; 0.25 μl reverse oligo 2; 12.5 μl distilled water. The sequence of the forward oligonucleotide 1 was:

(SEQ ID NO: 81) 5′-TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTTAAATAGACCTGCAATTATTAATCT-3′ The sequence of reverse oligonucleotide 2 was:

(SEQ ID NO: 82) 5′-CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCACCTGCACACCTGCAAATCCATT-3′ PCR was then performed as follows:

a. Denature 92° C., 5 minutes b.  3 cycles of: Denature 92° C., 30 seconds Anneal 59° C., 30 seconds Extend 72° C., 60 seconds c.  3 cycles of: Denature 92° C., 30 seconds Anneal 57° C., 30 seconds Extend 72° C., 60 seconds d. 25 cycles of: Denature 92° C., 30 seconds Anneal 55° C., 30 seconds Extend 72° C., 60 seconds e. Hold  4° C.

The underlined regions of the oligonucleotides annealed to the ADH promoter region and the amylase region, respectively, and amplified a 307 bp region from vector pSST-AMY.0 when no insert was present. Typically, the first 18 nucleotides of the 5′ end of these oligonucleotides contained annealing sites for the sequencing primers. Thus, the total product of the PCR reaction from an empty vector was 343 bp. However, signal sequence-fused cDNA resulted in considerably longer nucleotide sequences.

Following the PCR, an aliquot of the reaction (5 μl) was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel using a Tris-Borate-EDTA (TBE) buffering system as described by Sambrook et al., supra. Clones resulting in a single strong PCR product larger than 400 bp were further analyzed by DNA sequencing after purification with a 96 Qiaquick PCR clean-up column (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.).

Example 3 Isolation of cDNA Clones Using Signal Algorithm Analysis

Various polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid sequences were identified by applying a proprietary signal sequence finding algorithm developed by Genentech, Inc. (South San Francisco, Calif.) upon ESTs as well as clustered and assembled EST fragments from public (e.g., GenBank) and/or private (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) databases. The signal sequence algorithm computes a secretion signal score based on the character of the DNA nucleotides surrounding the first and optionally the second methionine codon(s) (ATG) at the 5′-end of the sequence or sequence fragment under consideration. The nucleotides following the first ATG must code for at least 35 unambiguous amino acids without any stop codons. If the first ATG has the required amino acids, the second is not examined. If neither meets the requirement, the candidate sequence is not scored. In order to determine whether the EST sequence contains an authentic signal sequence, the DNA and corresponding amino acid sequences surrounding the ATG codon are scored using a set of seven sensors (evaluation parameters) known to be associated with secretion signals. Use of this algorithm resulted in the identification of numerous polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid sequences.

Using the techniques described in Examples 1 to 3 above, numerous full-length cDNA clones were identified as encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO1124 or PRO1026 polypeptides as disclosed herein. These cDNAs were then deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA (ATCC) as shown in Table 7 below. In addition, the sequence of DNA340392 encoding PRO92165 polypeptides was identified from GenBank accession no.: AB028714; the sequence of DNA340394 encoding PRO85143 polypeptides was identified from GenBank accession no.: AF329488; and the sequence of DNA193963 encoding PRO23370 polypeptides was identified from GenBank accession no.: L08177.

TABLE 7 Material ATCC Dep. No. Deposit Date DNA26844-1394 209926 Jun. 2, 1998 DNA32298-1132 209257 Sep. 16, 1997 DNA34392-1170 209526 Dec. 10, 1997 DNA23318-1211 209787 Apr. 21, 1998 DNA40981-1234 209439 Nov. 7, 1997 DNA44192-1246 209531 Dec. 10, 1997 DNA39518-1247 209529 Dec. 10, 1997 DNA49435-1219 209480 Nov. 21, 1997 DNA45417-1432 209910 May 27, 1998 DNA52758-1399 209773 Apr. 14, 1998 DNA56436-1448 209902 May 27, 1998 DNA56409-1377 209882 May 20, 1998 DNA48606-1479 203040 Jul. 1, 1998 DNA59848-1512 203088 Aug. 4, 1998 DNA66659-1593 203269 Sep. 22, 1998 DNA66526-1616 203246 Sep. 9, 1998 DNA68874-1622 203277 Sep. 22, 1998 DNA73744-1665 203322 Oct. 6, 1998 DNA76529-1666 203315 Oct. 6, 1998 DNA76532-1702 203473 Nov. 17, 1998 DNA76510-2504 203477 Nov. 17, 1998 DNA77624-2515 203553 Dec. 22, 1998 DNA91779-2571 203844 Mar. 16, 1999 DNA100272-2969 PTA-2299 Jul. 25, 2000 DNA86594-2587 203894 Mar. 30, 1999 DNA87974-2609 203963 Apr. 27, 1999 DNA83568-2692 PTA-386 Jul. 20, 1999 DNA96995-2709 PTA-475 Aug. 3, 1999 DNA108743-2722 PTA-508 Aug. 10, 1999 DNA108769-2765 PTA-861 Oct. 19, 1999 DNA142238-2768 PTA-819 Oct. 5, 1999 DNA139686-2823 PTA-1264 Feb. 2, 2000 DNA144844-2843 PTA-1536 Mar. 21, 2000 DNA139592-2866 PTA-1587 Mar. 28, 2000 DNA176775-2957 PTA-2303 Jul. 25, 2000 DNA60629-1481 209979 Jun. 16, 1998 DNA59613-1417 203007 Jun. 23, 1998

These deposits were made under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure and the Regulations thereunder (Budapest Treaty). This assures maintenance of a viable culture of the deposit for 30 years from the date of deposit. The deposits will be made available by ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty, and subject to an agreement between Genentech, Inc. and ATCC, which assures permanent and unrestricted availability of the progeny of the culture of the deposit to the public upon issuance of the pertinent U.S. patent or upon laying open to the public of any U.S. or foreign patent application, whichever comes first, and assures availability of the progeny to one determined by the U.S. Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto according to 35 USC §122 and the Commissioner's rules pursuant thereto (including 37 CFR §1.14 with particular reference to 8860G 638).

The assignee of the present application has agreed that if a culture of the materials on deposit should die or be lost or destroyed when cultivated under suitable conditions, the materials will be promptly replaced on notification with another of the same. Availability of the deposited material is not to be construed as a license to practice the invention in contravention of the rights granted under the authority of any government in accordance with its patent laws.

Example 4 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO194 Polypeptides [UNQ168]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap as described in Example 1 above. This consensus sequence is herein DNA19464. Based on the DNA19464 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO194. PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized based upon the DNA19464 sequence. Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA19464 sequence.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO194 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers. RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal lung tissue (LIB25).

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO194 [herein designated as DNA26844-1394] (SEQ ID NO:1) and the derived protein sequence for PRO194.

The entire nucleotide sequence of DNA26844-1394 is shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1). Clone DNA26844-1394 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 81-83 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 873-875 (FIG. 1). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 264 amino acids long (FIG. 2). The full-length PRO194 protein shown in FIG. 2 has an estimated molecular weight of about 29,665 daltons and a pI of about 9.34. Analysis of the full-length PRO194 sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2) evidences the presence of various important polypeptides domains as shown in FIG. 2. Clone DNA26844-1394 has been deposited with ATCC on Jun. 2, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 209926.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO194 polypeptide suggests that it does not exhibit significant sequence similarity to any known human protein. However, an analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35) evidenced some homology between the PRO194 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences, HUMORFT_(—)1, CET07F10_(—)5, ATFCA9_(—)12, F64934, YDJX_ECOLI, ATAF00065719F29G20.19, H70002, S76980, H64934 and S76385.

Example 5 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO220 Polypeptides [UNQ194]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to the other identified EST sequences as described in Example 1 above, wherein the consensus sequence is designated herein as DNA28749. Based on the DNA28749 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest and for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO220.

A pair of PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 83) 5′-TCACCTGGAGCCTTTATTGGCC-3′ reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 84) 5′-ATACCAGCTATAACCAGGCTGCG-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA28749 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence:

hybridization probe (SEQ ID NO: 85) 5′-CAACAGTAAGTGGTTTGATGCTCTTCCAAATCTAGAGATTCTGATG ATTGGG-3′.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO220 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal lung tissue. DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO220 [herein designated as DNA32298-1132 and the derived protein sequence for PRO220].

The entire nucleotide sequence of DNA32298-1132 is shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:3). Clone DNA32298-1132 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 480-482 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 2604-2606 (FIG. 3). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 708 amino acids long (FIG. 4; SEQ ID NO:4). Clone DNA32298-1132 has been deposited with ATCC on Sep. 16, 1997 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. ATCC 209257.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO220 shows it has homology to member of the leucine rich repeat protein superfamily, including the leucine rich repeat protein and the neuronal leucine-rich repeat protein 1.

Example 6 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO241 Polypeptides [UNQ215]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences as described in Example 1 above. This consensus sequence is herein designated DNA30876. Based on the DNA30876 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO241.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 86) 5′-GGAAATGAGTGCAAACCCTC-3′ reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 87) 5′-TCCCAAGCTGAACACTCATTCTGC-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA30876 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence

hybridization probe (SEQ ID NO: 88) 5′-GGGTGACGGTGTTCCATATCAGAATTGCAGAAGCAAAACTGACCTC AGTT-3′

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO241 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers. RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal kidney tissue (LIB29).

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO241 [herein designated as DNA34392-1170] (SEQ ID NO:5) and the derived protein sequence for PRO241.

The entire nucleotide sequence of DNA34392-1170 is shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:5). Clone DNA34392-1170 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 234-236 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 1371-1373 (FIG. 5). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 379 amino acids long (FIG. 6). The full-length PRO241 protein shown in FIG. 6 has an estimated molecular weight of about 43,302 daltons and a pI of about 7.30. Clone DNA34392-1170 has been deposited with ATCC on Dec. 10, 1997 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. ATCC 209526.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO241 polypeptide suggests that it possess significant homology to the various biglycan proteoglycan proteins, thereby indicating that PRO241 is a novel biglycan homolog polypeptide.

Example 7 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO284 Polypeptides [UNQ247]

Two cDNA sequences were isolated in the amylase screen described in Example 2 and those cDNA sequences are herein designated DNA12982 and DNA15886. The DNA12982 and DNA15886 sequences were then clustered and aligned, giving rise to a consensus nucleotide sequence herein designated DNA18832.

Based on the DNA18832 consensus sequence, oligonucleotide probes were generated and used to screen a human placenta library (LIB89) prepared as described in paragraph 1 of Example 2 above. The cloning vector was pRK5B (pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)), and the cDNA size cut was less than 2800 bp.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer 1 (18832.est.f) (SEQ ID NO: 89) 5′-TCGTACAGTTACGCTCTCCC-3′ forward PCR primer 2 (18832.f) (SEQ ID NO: 90) 5′-CTTGAGGAGCGTCAGAAGCG-3′ reverse PCR primer (18832.r) (SEQ ID NO: 91) 5′-ATAACGAATGAAGCCTCGTG-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the DNA18832 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence

hybridization probe (18832.p) (SEQ ID NO: 92) 5′-GCTAATATCTGTAAGACGGCAGCTACAGCAGGCATCATTG-3′

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pairs identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO284 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

A full length clone was identified that contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 167-169 and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 1022-1024 (FIG. 7; SEQ ID NO:7). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 285 amino acids long, has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 32,190 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 9.03. Analysis of the full-length PRO284 sequence shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:8) evidences the presence of the following: a signal peptide from about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 24, transmembrane domains from about amino acid 76 to about amino acid 96 and from about amino acid 171 to about amino acid 195 and a potential N-glycosylation site from about amino acid 153 to about amino acid 156. Clone UNQ247 (DNA23318-1211) has been deposited with ATCC on Apr. 21, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 209787.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO284 polypeptide suggests that it possesses no significant sequence similarity to any known protein. However, an analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35) evidenced some degree of homology between the PRO284 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences, JQ0124, CELE04A4_(—)5, AB006451_(—)1, AF030162_(—)1, IM23YEAST, 571194, NIA_CUCMA, IM17_YEAST, I50479 and HUMZFHP_(—)1.

Example 8 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO331 Polypeptides [UNQ292]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap as described in Example 1 above. This consensus sequence is herein designated DNA36685. Based on the DNA36685 consensus sequence, and Incyte EST sequence no. 2228990, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO331.

Forward and reverse PCR primers were synthesized for the determination of PRO331:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 93) 5′-GCCTTTGACAACCTTCAGTCACTAGTGG-3′ reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 94) 5′-CCCCATGTGTCCATGACTGTTCCC-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed for the determination of PRO331 which had the following nucleotide sequence hybridization probe

(SEQ ID NO: 95) 5′-TACTGCCTCATGACCTCTTCACTCCCTTGCATCATCTTAGAGCGG-3′

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pairs identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO331 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal brain (PRO331).

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO331 [herein designated as DNA40981-1234; SEQ ID NO:9; see FIG. 9], and the derived protein sequence for PRO331 (see FIG. 10; SEQ ID NO:10).

The entire nucleotide sequence is shown in FIG. 9, deposited with the ATCC on Nov. 7, 1997 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 209439.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO331 polypeptide suggests that portions of it possess significant homology to the LIG-1 protein, thereby indicating that PRO331 may be a novel LIG-1-related protein.

Example 9 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO354 Polypeptides [UNQ311]

An expressed sequence tag (EST) DNA database (LIFESEQ™, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) was searched and various EST sequences were identified which possessed certain degrees of homology with the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain and with one another. Those homologous EST sequences were then aligned and a consensus sequence was obtained. The obtained consensus DNA sequence was then extended using repeated cycles of BLAST and phrap to extend the consensus sequence as far as possible using homologous EST sequences derived from both public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ™, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.). The extended assembly sequence is herein designated DNA39633. The above searches were performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.).

Based on the DNA39633 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO354. Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 bp in length. In some cases, additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5 kbp. In order to screen several libraries for a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.

PCR primers were synthesized as follows:

forward PCR primer 1 (39633.f1) (SEQ ID NO: 96) 5′-GTGGGAACCAAACTCCGGCAGACC-3′ forward PCR primer 2 (39633.12) (SEQ ID NO: 97) 5′-CACATCGAGCGTCTCTGG-3′ reverse PCR primer (39633.r1) (SEQ ID NO: 98) 5′-AGCCGCTCCTTCTCCGGTTCATCG-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA39633 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence

hybridization probe (SEQ ID NO: 99) 5′-TGGAAGGACCACTTGATATCAGTCACTCCAGACAGCATCAGGGAT GGG-3′

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pairs identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO354 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal kidney tissue (LIB227). The cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO354 [herein designated as DNA44192-1246] (SEQ ID NO:11) and the derived protein sequence for PRO354.

The entire nucleotide sequence of DNA44192-1246 is shown in FIG. 11 (SEQ ID NO:11). Clone DNA44192-1246 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 72-74 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 2154-2156 (FIG. 11). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 694 amino acids long (FIG. 12; SEQ ID NO:12). The full-length PRO354 protein shown in FIG. 12 has an estimated molecular weight of about 77,400 daltons and a pI of about 9.54. Clone DNA44192-1246 has been deposited with ATCC on Dec. 10, 1997 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. ATCC 209531.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO354 polypeptide suggests that it possess significant homology to the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain protein, thereby indicating that PRO354 may be a novel inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain protein homolog.

Example 10 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO355 Polypeptides [UNQ312]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using BLAST and phrap as described in Example 1 above. This consensus sequence is herein designated DNA35702. Based on the DNA35702 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO355.

Forward and reverse PCR primers were synthesized as follows:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 100) 5′-GGCTTCTGCTGTTGCTCTTCTCCG-3′ forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 101) 5′-GTACACTGTGACCAGTCAGC-3′ forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 102) 5′-ATCATCACAGATTCCCGAGC-3′ reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 103) 5′-TTCAATCTCCTCACCTTCCACCGC-3′ reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 104) 5′-ATAGCTGTGTCTGCGTCTGCTGCG-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA35702 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence:

hybridization probe (SEQ ID NO: 105) 5′-CGCGGCACTGATCCCCACAGGTGATGGGCAGAATCTGTTTACGAA AGACG-3′

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with one of the PCR primer pairs identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO355 gene using the probe oligonucleotide. RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal liver tissue.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO355 [herein designated as DNA39518-1247] (SEQ ID NO:13) and the derived protein sequence for PRO355.

The entire nucleotide sequence of DNA39518-1247 is shown in FIG. 13 (SEQ ID NO:13). Clone DNA39518-1247 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 22-24 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 1342-1344 (FIG. 13). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 440 amino acids long (FIG. 14; SEQ ID NO:14). The full-length PRO355 protein shown in FIG. 14 has an estimated molecular weight of about 48,240 daltons and a pI of about 4.93. In addition, regions of interest including the signal peptide, Ig repeats in the extracellular domain, potential N-glycosylation sites, and the potential transmembrane domain, are designated in FIG. 14. Clone DNA39518-1247 has been deposited with ATCC on Dec. 10, 1997 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. ATCC 209529.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO355 polypeptide suggests that portions of it possess significant homology to the CRTAM protein, thereby indicating that PRO355 may be CRTAM protein.

Example 11 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO533 Polypeptides [UNQ334]

The EST sequence accession number AF007268, a murine fibroblast growth factor (FGF-15) was used to search various public EST databases (e.g., GenBank, Dayhoff, etc.). The search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 [Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996); as a comparison of the ECD protein sequences to a 6 frame translation of the EST sequences. The search resulted in a hit with GenBank EST AA220994, which has been identified as stratagene NT2 neuronal precursor 937230.

Based on the Genbank EST AA220994 sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence. Forward and reverse PCR primers may range from 20 to 30 nucleotides (typically about 24), and are designed to give a PCR product of 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 bp (typically about 50) in length. In order to screen several libraries for a source of full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified below. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO533 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal retina. The cDNA libraries used to isolated the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents (e.g., Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.; Clontech, etc.) The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

A cDNA clone was sequenced in its entirety. The full length nucleotide sequence of PRO533 is shown in FIG. 15 (SEQ ID NO:15). Clone DNA49435-1219 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 459-461 (FIG. 15; SEQ ID NO:15). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 216 amino acids long (FIG. 16; SEQ ID NO:16). Clone DNA49435-1219 has been deposited with ATCC on Nov. 21, 1997 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. ATCC 209480.

Based on a BLAST-2 and FastA sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence, PRO533 shows amino acid sequence identity to fibroblast growth factor (53%).

The oligonucleotide sequences used in the above procedure were the following:

FGF15. forward: (SEQ ID NO: 106) 5′-ATCCGCCCAGATGGCTACAATGTGTA-3′; FGF15.probe: (SEQ ID NO: 107) 5′-GCCTCCCGGTCTCCCTGAGCAGTGCCAAACAGCGGCAGTGTA-3′; FGF15.reverse: (SEQ TD NO: 108) 5′-CCAGTCCGGTGACAAGCCCAAA-3′.

Example 12 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO541 Polypeptides [UNQ342]

A consensus sequence was obtained relative to a variety of EST sequences as described in Example 1 above, wherein the consensus sequence obtained is herein designated DNA42259. Based on the DNA42259 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO541.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 109) 5′-GGACAGAATTTGGGAGCACACTGG-3′ forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 110) 5′-CCAAGAGTATACTGTCCTCG-3′ reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 111) 5′-AGCACAGATTTTCTCTACAGCCCCC-3′ reverse PCR primer (SEQ TD NO: 112) 5′-AACCACTCCAGCATGTACTGCTGC-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA42259 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence

hybridization probe (SEQ TD NO: 113) 5′-CCATTCAGGTGTTCTGGCCCTGTATGTACACATTATACACAGGTCG TGTG-3′

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with one of the PCR primer pairs identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO541 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers. RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal kidney tissue (LIB227).

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO541 [herein designated as UNQ342 (DNA45417-1432)] (SEQ ID NO:17) and the derived protein sequence for PRO541.

The entire nucleotide sequence of UNQ342 (DNA45417-1432) is shown in FIG. 17 (SEQ ID NO:17). Clone UNQ342 (DNA45417-1432) contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 469-471 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 1969-1971 (FIG. 17). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 500 amino acids long (FIG. 18). The full-length PRO541 protein shown in FIG. 18 has an estimated molecular weight of about 56,888 daltons and a pI of about 8.53. Analysis of the full-length PRO541 sequence shown in FIG. 18 (SEQ ID NO:18) evidences the presence of the following: a signal peptide from about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 20, amino acid sequence blocks having homology to extracellular proteins SCP/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 from about amino acid 165 to about amino acid 186, from about amino acid 196 to about amino acid 218, from about amino acid 134 to about amino acid 146, from about amino acid 96 to about amino acid 108 and from about amino acid 58 to about amino acid 77 and a potential N-glycosylation site from about amino acid 28 to about amino acid 31. Clone UNQ342 (DNA45417-1432) has been deposited with ATCC on May 27, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 209910.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO541 polypeptide suggests that it possesses significant sequence similarity to a trypsin inhibitor protein, thereby indicating that PRO541 may be a novel trypsin inhibitor. More specifically, an analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35) evidenced significant homology between the PRO541 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences, D45027_(—)1, AB009609_(—)1, JC5308, CRS3_HORSE, TPX1 HUMAN, HELO_HELHO, GEN14351, A281121, CETO5A10_(—)4 and P_W11485.

Example 13 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO725 Polypeptides [UNQ390]

A consensus sequence was obtained relative to a variety of EST sequences as described in Example 1 above. Based upon an observed homology between this consensus sequence and an EST sequence contained within Incyte EST clone No. 4242090, Incyte EST clone No. 4242090 was purchased and its insert was obtained and sequenced.

A cDNA sequence isolated in the amylase screen described in Example 2 above is herein designated DNA43301. The DNA43301 sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ™, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA45458. Based on the DNA45458 consensus sequence, oligonucleotide probes were generated and used to screen a human fetal brain (LIB153) library prepared as described in paragraph 1 of Example 2 above. The cloning vector was pRK5B (pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)), and the cDNA size cut was less than 2800 bp.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (45458.f1) (SEQ ID NO: 114) 5′-CCAAACTCACCCAGTGAGTGTGAGC-3′ reverse PCR primer (45458.r1) (SEQ ID NO: 115) 5′-TGGGAAATCAGGAATGGTGTTCTCC-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA45458 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence

hybridization probe (45458.p1) (SEQ ID NO: 116) 5′-CTTGTTTTCACCATTGGGCTAACTTTGCTGCTAGGAGTTCAAGCC ATGCC-3′

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO725 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

A full length clone (herein identified as DNA52758-1399) was identified that contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 161-163 and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 455-457 (FIG. 19; SEQ ID NO:19). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 98 amino acids long, has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 11,081 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 6.68 (FIG. 20; SEQ ID NO:20). Analysis of the full-length PRO725 sequence shown in FIG. 20 (SEQ ID NO:20) evidences the presence of the following: a signal peptide from about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 20, a potential N-glycosylation site from about amino acid 72 to about amino acid 75 and a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site from about amino acid 63 to about amino acid 70. Clone DNA52758-1399 has been deposited with ATCC on Apr. 14, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 209773. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO725 polypeptide suggests that it possesses no significant sequence similarity to any known protein. However, an analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35) evidenced some degree of homology between the PRO725 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences, POL_BLVAU, PSSP_RAT, CELC36C5_(—)7, AF019234_(—)1, I48862, P_R12498, P_P10125, P_R26861, A64527 and P_W20495.

Example 14 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO937 Polypeptides [UNQ474]

The extracellular domain (ECD) sequences (including the secretion signal, if any) of from about 950 known secreted proteins from the Swiss-Prot public protein database were used to search expressed sequence tag (EST) databases. The EST databases included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ™, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.). The search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)) as a comparison of the LCD protein sequences to a 6 frame translation of the EST sequence. Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.).

A consensus DNA sequence was identified using the above described analysis as encoding a potential secreted protein. This sequence is herein designated DNA49651.init. In addition, the DNA46951.init sequence was then extended using repeated cycles of BLAST and phrap to extend the sequence as far as possible using the sources of EST sequences discussed above. The extended assembly sequence is referred to herein as “DNA49651”.

Based on the DNA49651 consensus sequence oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO937. Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 by in length. In some cases, additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5 kbp. In order to screen several libraries for a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (49651.f1) (SEQ ID NO: 117) 5′- CTCCGTGGTAAACCCCACAGCCC -3′; and reverse PCR primer (49651.r1) (SEQ ID NO: 118) 5′- TCACATCGATGGGATCCATGACCG -3′. Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the DNA48651 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence:

hybridization probe (49651.p1) (SEQ ID NO: 119) 5′-GGTCTCGTGACTGTGAAGCCATGTTACAACTACTGCTCAAACATC ATGAG-3′.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO937 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal kidney tissue (LIB227). The cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the Sill site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO937 [herein designated as UNQ474 (DNA56436-1448)] (SEQ ID NO:21) and the derived protein sequence for PRO937.

The entire nucleotide sequence of UNQ474 (DNA56436-1448) is shown in FIG. 21 (SEQ ID NO:21). It contains a single open reading frame having an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 499-501 and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 2167-2169 (FIG. 21, SEQ ID NO:21). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 556 amino acids long, has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 62,412 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 6.62. Analysis of the full-length PRO937 sequence shown in FIG. 22 (SEQ ID NO:22) evidences the presence of the following features: signal peptide at about amino acids 1-22; ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop) at about amino acids 515-523; a potential N-glycosylation site at about amino acids 514-517; and sites of glypican homology at about amino acids 54-74, 106-156, 238-279, 309-345, 423-459, and 468-505.

Clone UNQ474 (DNA56436-1448) has been deposited with ATCC on May 27, 1998, and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 209902.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO937 polypeptide suggests that it possesses significant sequence similarity to glypican proteins, thereby indicating that PRO937 may be a novel glypican protein. More specifically, an analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35) evidenced significant homology between the PRO937 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: GPCK_MOUSE, GPC2_RAT, GPC5_HUMAN, GPC3_HUMAN, P_R30168, CEC03H12_(—)2, GEN13820, HS119E23_(—)1, HDAC_DROME, and AF017637_(—)1.

Example 15 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1014 Polypeptides [UNQ497]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap as described in Example 1 above, wherein the consensus sequence obtained is herein designated DNA49811. Based upon an observed homology between the DNA49811 sequence and Incyte EST clone no. 2612207, Incyte EST clone no. 2612207 was purchased and its insert was obtained and sequenced, wherein the sequence obtained is shown in FIG. 23 (SEQ OD NO:23).

DNA sequencing gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO1014 [herein designated as UNQ497 (DNA56409-1377)] (SEQ ID NO:23) and the derived protein sequence for PRO1014.

The entire nucleotide sequence of UNQ497 (DNA56409-1377) is shown in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:23). Clone UNQ497 (DNA56409-1377) contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 66-68 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 966-968 (FIG. 23). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 300 amino acids long (FIG. 24; SEQ ID NO:24). The full-length PRO1014 protein shown in FIG. 24 has an estimated molecular weight of about 33,655 daltons and a pI of about 9.31. Clone UNQ497 (DNA56409-1377) has been deposited with the ATCC on May 20, 1998 and has the accession number 209882. Regarding the sequence, it is understood that the deposited clone contains the correct sequence, and the sequences provided herein are based on known sequencing techniques.

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the full-length PRO1014 polypeptide suggests that portions of it possess sequence identity with reductase, thereby indicating that PRO1014 may be a novel member of the reductase family.

Still analyzing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24, the putative signal peptide is at about amino acids 1-19 of SEQ ID NO:24. The cAMP and cGMP dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites are at about amino acids 30-33 and 58-61 of SEQ ID NO:24. Short chain alcohol dehydrogenase family proteins are at about amino acids 165-202, 37-49, 112-122 and 210-219 of SEQ ID NO:24. The corresponding nucleotides of these domains and any other amino acids provided herein can be routinely determined given the sequences provided herein.

Example 16 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1120 Polypeptides [UNQ559]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap as described in Example 1 above. This consensus sequence is designated herein consen0352. The consen0352 sequence was then extended using repeated cycles of BLAST and phrap to extend the consensus sequence as far as possible using the sources of EST sequences discussed above. The extended consensus sequence is designated herein as DNA34365. Based on the DNA34365 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO1120.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primers: (SEQ ID NO: 120) 5′-GAAGCCGGCTGTCTGAATC-3′, (SEQ ID NO: 121) 5′-GGCCAGCTATCTCCGCAG-3′, (SEQ ID NO: 122) 5′-AAGGGCCTGCAAGAGAAG-3′, (SEQ ID NO: 123) 5′-CACTGGGACAACTGTGGG-3′, (SEQ ID NO: 124) 5′-CAGAGGCAACGTGGAGAG-3′, and (SEQ ID NO: 125) 5′-AAGTATTGTCATACAGTGTTC-3′; reverse PCR primers: (SEQ ID NO: 126) 5′-TAGTACTTGGGCACGAGGTTGGAG-3′, and (SEQ ID NO: 127) 5′-TCATACCAACTGCTGGTCATTGGC-3′.

Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the DNA34365 consensus sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence:

hybridization probe: (SEQ ID NO: 128) 5′-CTCAAGCTGCTGGACACGGAGCGGCCGGTGAATCGGTTTCACT TG-3′.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pairs identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO1120 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers. RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal kidney tissue.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO1120 (designated herein as DNA48606-1479 [FIG. 25, SEQ ID NO:25]; and the derived protein sequence for PRO1120.

The entire coding sequence of PRO1120 is shown in FIG. 25 (SEQ ID NO:25). Clone DNA48606-1479 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 608-610 and an apparent stop codon at nucleotide positions 3209-3211. The predicted polypeptide precursor is 867 amino acids long. The full-length PRO1120 protein shown in FIG. 26 (SEQ ID NO:26) has an estimated molecular weight of about 100,156 Daltons and a pI of about 9.44. Additional features of the PRO1120 polypeptide include a signal peptide at about amino acids 1-17; a sulfatase signature at about amino acids 86-98; regions of homology to sulfatases at about amino acids 87-106, 133-146, 216-229, 291-320, and 365-375; and potential N-glycosylation sites at about amino acids 65-68, 112-115, 132-135, 149-152, 171-174, 198-201, 241-245, 561-564, 608-611, 717-720, 754-757, and 764-767.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 26 (SEQ ID NO:26), revealed significant homology between the PRO1120 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: CELKO9C4_(—)1, GL6S_HUMAN, G65169, NCU89492_(—)1, BCU44852_(—)1, E64903, P_R51355, STS_HUMAN, GA6S_HUMAN, and IDS_MOUSE. Clone DNA48606-1479 was deposited with the ATCC on Jul. 1, 1998, and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203040.

Example 17 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1182 Polypeptides [UNQ596]

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of a single EST cluster sequence from the Incyte database, designated herein as 146647. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA56033.

In light of an observed sequence homology between the DNA56033 consensus sequence and an EST sequence encompassed within the Incyte EST clone no. 2595195, the Incyte EST clone 2595195 was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. It was found that this insert encoded a full-length protein. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 27 and is herein designated as DNA59848-1512.

Clone DNA59848-1512 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 67-69 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 880-882 (FIG. 27; SEQ ID NO:27). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 271 amino acids long (FIG. 28; SEQ ID NO:28). The full-length PRO1182 protein shown in FIG. 28 has an estimated molecular weight of about 28,665 daltons and a pI of about 5.33. Analysis of the full-length PRO1182 sequence shown in FIG. 28 (SEQ ID NO:28) evidences the presence of the following: a signal peptide from about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 25, an amino acid block having homology to C-type lectin domain proteins from about amino acid 247 to about amino acid 256 and an amino acid sequence block having homology to C1q domain proteins from about amino acid 44 to about amino acid 77. Clone DNA59848-1512 has been deposited with ATCC on Aug. 4, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203088.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 28 (SEQ ID NO:28), evidenced significant homology between the PRO1182 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: PSPD_BOVIN, CL43_BOVIN, CONG_BOVIN, P_W18780, P_R45005, P_R53257 and CELEGAP7_(—)1.

Example 18 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1325 Polypeptides [UNQ685]

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of an EST cluster sequence from the Incyte database, designated Incyte EST cluster sequence no. 139524. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (Lifeseq®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA56115.

In light of the sequence homology between the DNA56115 sequence and an EST sequence contained within the Incyte EST clone no. 3744079, the Incyte EST clone no. 3744079 was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 29 and is herein designated as DNA66659-1593.

Clone DNA66659-1593 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 51-53 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 2547-2549 (FIG. 29; SEQ ID NO:29). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 832 amino acids long (FIG. 30). The full-length PRO1325 protein shown in FIG. 30 has an estimated molecular weight of about 94,454 daltons and a pI of about 6.94. Analysis of the full-length PRO1325 sequence shown in FIG. 30 (SEQ ID NO:30) evidences the presence of the following: a signal peptide from about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 18, transmembrane domains from about amino acid 292 to about amino acid 317, from about amino acid 451 to about amino acid 470, from about amino acid 501 to about amino acid 520, from about amino acid 607 to about amino acid 627 from about amino acid 751 to about amino acid 770, a leucine zipper pattern sequence from about amino acid 497 to about amino acid 518 and potential N-glycosylation sites from about amino acid 27 to about amino acid 30, from about amino acid 54 to about amino acid 57, from about amino acid 60 to about amino acid 63, from about amino acid position 123 to about amino acid position 126, from about amino acid position 141 to about amino acid position 144, from about amino acid position 165 to about amino acid position 168, from about amino acid position 364 to about amino acid position 367, from about amino acid position 476 to about amino acid position 479, from about amino acid position 496 to about amino acid position 499, from about amino acid position 572 to about amino acid position 575, from about amino acid position 603 to about amino acid position 606 and from about amino acid position 699 to about amino acid position 702. Clone DNA66659-1593 has been deposited with ATCC on Sep. 22, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203269.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 30 (SEQ ID NO:30), evidenced significant homology between the PRO1325 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: CELR04E5_(—)1, CELZK721_(—)5, CELC30E1_(—)5, CELC30E1_(—)6, CELC30E1_(—)2, CEY37H2C_(—)1, CELC30E1_(—)7, CELT07H8_(—)7 and

E64006.

Example 19 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1382 Polypeptides [UNQ718]

Using the method described in Example 1 above, Incyte EST no. 2719 was identified as a sequence of interest having a BLAST score of 70 or greater that does not encode a known protein. The nucleotide sequence of EST no. 2719 is designated herein “DNA42842”. Based on the DNA42842 sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO1382.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (42842.f1; SEQ TD NO: 129) ACGGCTCACCATGGGCTCCG reverse PCR primer (42842.r1; SEQ ID NO: 130) AGGAAGAGGAGCCCTTGGAGTCCG

Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA42842 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence:

hybridization probe (42842.p1; SEQ ID NO: 131) CGTGCTGGAGGGCAAGTGTCTGGTGGTGTGCGACTCGAAC.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO1382 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers. RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from a human breast carcinoma.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO1382 (designated herein as DNA66526-1616 [FIG. 31, SEQ ID NO:31]; and the derived protein sequence for PRO1382.

The entire coding sequence of PRO1382 is shown in FIG. 31 (SEQ ID NO:31). Clone DNA66526-1616 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 337-339 and an apparent stop codon at nucleotide positions 940-942. The predicted polypeptide precursor is 201 amino acids long. The full-length PRO1382 protein shown in FIG. 32 (SEQ ID NO:32) has an estimated molecular weight of about 21,808 daltons and a pI of about 9.04. Additional features include a signal peptide at about amino acids 1-27; potential N-glycosylation sites at about amino acids 29-32 and 88-91; and regions of homology with C1q proteins at about amino acids 92-126, 159-178, and 191-200.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 32 (SEQ ID NO:32), revealed significant homology between the PRO1382 amino acid sequence Dayhoff sequence no. CERL_RAT. Homology was also revealed between the PRO1382 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: CERB_HUMAN, S76975_(—)1, A41752, HUMC1QB2_(—)1, A57131, CA1A_HUMAN, ACR3_MOUSE, and COLE_LEPMA.

Clone DNA66526-1616 has been deposited with ATCC on Sep. 9, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203246.

Example 20 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1410 Polypeptides [UNQ728]

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of an EST cluster sequence from the Incyte database, designated Incyte EST cluster sequence no. 98502. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA56451.

In light of the sequence homology between the DNA56451 sequence and an EST sequence contained within the Incyte EST clone no. 1257046, the Incyte EST clone 125046 was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 33 and is herein designated as DNA68874-1622.

Clone DNA68874-1622 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 152-154 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 866-868 (FIG. 33; SEQ ID NO:33). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 238 amino acids long (FIG. 34). The full-length PRO1410 protein shown in FIG. 34 has an estimated molecular weight of about 25,262 daltons and a pI of about 6.44. Analysis of the full-length PRO1410 sequence shown in FIG. 34 (SEQ ID NO:34) evidences the presence of the following: a signal peptide from about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 20, a transmembrane domain from about amino acid 194 to about amino acid 220 and a potential N-glycosylation site from about amino acid 132 to about amino acid 135. Clone DNA68874-1622 has been deposited with ATCC on Sep. 22, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203277.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 34 (SEQ ID NO:34), evidenced significant homology between the PRO1410 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: I48652, P_R76466, HSMHC3W36A_(—)2, EPB4_HUMAN, P_R14256, EPA8_MOUSE, P_R77285, P_W13569, AF000560_(—)1, and ASF1_HELAN.

Example 21 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1555 Polypeptides [UNQ763]

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of an EST cluster sequence from the LIFESEQ® database, designated EST cluster no. 521, and also referred to herein as “DNA10316”. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and the LIFESEQ® database to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated “DNA56374”.

In light of the sequence homology between the DNA56374 sequence and an EST sequence contained within Incyte EST no. 2855769, EST no. 2855769 was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. EST no. 2855769 was derived from a library constructed from female breast fat tissue. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 35 and is herein designated as DNA73744-1665.

The full length clone shown in FIG. 35 contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 90 to 92 and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 828 to 830 (FIG. 35; SEQ ID NO:35). The predicted polypeptide precursor (FIG. 36, SEQ ID NO:36) is 246 amino acids long. PRO1555 has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 26,261 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 5.65. Additional features include: a signal peptide at about amino acids 1-31; transmembrane domains at about amino acids 11-31 and 195-217; a potential N-glycosylation site at about amino acids 111-114; potential casein kinase II phosphorylation sites at about amino acids 2-5, 98-101, and 191-194; and potential N-myristoylation sites at about amino acids 146-151, and 192-197.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 36 (SEQ ID NO:36), revealed some homology between the PRO1555 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: YKA4_CAEEL, AB014541_(—)1, HVSX99518_(—)2, SSU63019_(—)1, GEN14286, MMU68267_(—)1, XP2_XENLA, ICP4_HSV11, P_W40200, and AE001360_(—)1.

Clone DNA73744-1665 was deposited with the ATCC on Oct. 6, 1998, and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203322.

Example 22 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1556 Polypeptides [UNQ764]

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of an EST cluster sequence from the LIFE SEQ® database, designated EST Cluster No. 103158, and also referred to herein as “DNA10398”. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and the LIFESEQ® database, to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA56417.

In light of the sequence homology between the DNA56417 sequence and a sequence contained within Incyte EST no. 959332, EST no. 959332 was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 37 and is herein designated as DNA76529-1666.

The full length clone shown in FIG. 37 contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 85 to 87 and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 892 to 894 (FIG. 37; SEQ ID NO:37). The predicted polypeptide precursor (FIG. 38, SEQ ID NO:38) is 269 amino acids long. PRO1556 has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 28,004 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 5.80. Additional features include: a signal peptide sequence at about amino acids 1-24; transmembrane domains at about amino acids 11-25 and 226-243; a potential N-glycosylation site at about amino acids 182-185, potential cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site at about amino acids 70-73; and potential N-myristoylation sites at about amino acids 29-34, 35-39, 117-122, 121-126, 125-130, 154-159, 166-171, 241-246, 246-251, 247-252,249-254, 250-255,251-256, 252-257, 253-258, 254-259, 255-260, 256-261, 257-262, and 259-264.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 38 (SEQ ID NO:38), revealed some homology between the PRO1556 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: T8F5_(—)4, R23B_MOUSE, CANS_HUMAN, P_W41640, DSU51091_(—)1, TP2B_CHICK, DVU20660_(—)1, S43296, P_R23962, and BRN1_HUMAN.

Clone DNA76529-1666 was deposited with the ATCC on Oct. 6, 1998, and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203315.

Example 23 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1760 Polypeptides [UNQ833]

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of an EST cluster sequence from the Incyte database. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. One or more of the ESTs was derived from a prostate tumor library. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA58798.

In light of the sequence homology between DNA58798 sequence and the Incyte EST 3358745, the clone including this EST was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 39 and is herein designated as DNA76532-1702.

The full length clone shown in FIG. 39 contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 60-62 and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 624-626 (FIG. 39; SEQ ID NO:39). The predicted polypeptide precursor (FIG. 40, SEQ ID NO:40) is 188 amino acids long. Motifs are further indicated in FIG. 40. PRO1760 has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 21,042 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 5.36. Clone DNA76532-1702 was deposited with the ATCC on Nov. 17, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203473.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 40 (SEQ ID NO:40), revealed sequence identity between the PRO1760 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: CELT07F12_(—)2, T22J18_(—)16, ATF1C12_(—)3, APE3_YEAST, P_W22471, SAU56908_(—)1, SCPA_STRPY, ATAC004238_(—)17, SAPURCLUS_(—)2 and AF041468_(—)9.

Example 24 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1787 Polypeptides [UNQ849]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap to form an assembly as described in Example 1 above. This consensus sequence is designated herein “DNA45123 “. Based on homology of DNA45123 to Incyte EST 3618549 identified in the assembly, as well as other discoveries and information provided herein, the clone including this EST was purchased and sequenced. DNA sequencing of the clone gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO1787 (herein designated as DNA76510-2504) and the derived protein sequence for PRO1787.

The entire coding sequence of DNA76510-2504 is included in FIG. 41 (SEQ ID NO:41). Clone DNA76510-2504 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 163-165 and an apparent stop codon at nucleotide positions 970-972 of SEQ ID NO:41. The approximate locations of the signal peptide, transmembrane domain, N-glycosylation sites, N-myristoylation sites and a kinase phosphorylation site are indicated in FIG. 42 (SEQ ID NO:42). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 269 amino acids long. Clone DNA76510-2504 has been deposited with the ATCC on Nov. 17, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203477. The full-length PRO1787 protein shown in FIG. 42 has an estimated molecular weight of about 29,082 daltons and a pI of about 9.02.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 42 (SEQ ID NO:42), revealed sequence identity between the PRO1787 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: MYP0_RAT, MYP0_HUMAN, MYP0_BOVIN, GEN12838, HSSCN2B2_(—)1, AF007783_(—)1, HSU90716_(—)1, P_W42015, XLU43330_(—)1 and AF060231_(—)1.

Example 25 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1868 Polypeptides [UNQ859]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap as described in Example 1 above. This consensus sequence is herein designated DNA49803. Based up an observed homology between the DNA49803 consensus sequence and an EST sequence contained within the Incyte EST clone no. 2994689, Incyte EST clone no. 2994689 was purchased and its insert obtained and sequenced. The sequence of that insert is shown in FIG. 43 and is herein designated DNA77624-2515.

The entire nucleotide sequence of DNA77624-2515 is shown in FIG. 43 (SEQ ID NO:43). Clone DNA77624-2515 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 51-53 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 981-983 (FIG. 43). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 310 amino acids long (FIG. 44). The full-length PRO1868 protein shown in FIG. 44 has an estimated molecular weight of about 35,020 daltons and a pI of about 7.90. Analysis of the full-length PRO1868 sequence shown in FIG. 44 (SEQ ID NO:44) evidences the presence of the following: a signal peptide from about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 30, a transmembrane domain from about amino acid 243 to about amino acid 263, potential N-glycosylation sites from about amino acid 104 to about amino acid 107 and from about amino acid 192 to about amino acid 195, a cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site from about amino acid 107 to about amino acid 110, casein kinase TT phosphorylation sites from about amino acid 106 to about amino acid 109 and from about amino acid 296 to about amino acid 299, a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site from about amino acid 69 to about amino acid 77 and potential N-myristolation sites from about amino acid 26 to about amino acid 31, from about amino acid 215 to about amino acid 220, from about amino acid 226 to about amino acid 231, from about amino acid 243 to about amino acid 248, from about amino acid 244 to about amino acid 249 and from about amino acid 262 to about amino acid 267. Clone DNA77624-2515 has been deposited with ATCC on Dec. 22, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203553.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 44 (SEQ ID NO:44), evidenced significant homology between the PRO1868 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: HGS_RC75, P_W61379, A33_HUMAN, P_W14146, P_W14158, AMAL_DROME, P_R77437, I38346, NCM2_HUMAN and PTPD_HUMAN.

Example 26 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO4326 Polypeptides [UNQ1883]

The extracellular domain (ECD) sequences (including the secretion signal sequence, if any) from about 950 known secreted proteins from the Swiss-Prot public database were used to search EST databases. The EST databases included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank), and a proprietary EST database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.). The search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 [Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)] as a comparison of the ECD protein sequences to a 6 frame translation of the EST sequences. Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases, 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.).

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap. This consensus sequence is herein designated DNA85767. Based on the DNA85767 consensus sequence oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO4326. Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 bp in length. In some cases, additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5 kbp. In order to screen several libraries for a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 132) 5′-CGAGGTGCAGATCGAGGTGTCGC-3′ reverse PCR primer (SEQ TD NO: 133) 5′-GGCACTGCAGGAGAACCTCATGGTC-3′ Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA85767 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence

hybridization probe (SEQ ID NO: 134) 5′-CAGCAGGTGGAGGAGCTCTTTGGGCTGGAGGATTACTGGTGC-3′

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human bone marrow tissue. The cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO4326 (designated herein as DNA91779-2571 [FIG. 45, SEQ ID NO: 45]; (UNQ1883) and the derived protein sequence for PRO4326.

The entire nucleotide sequence of UNQ1883 (DNA91779-2571) is shown in FIG. 45 (SEQ ID NO:45). Clone UNQ1883 (DNA91779-2571) contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 398-400 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 3233-3235 (FIG. 45). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 945 amino acids long (FIG. 46). The full-length PRO4326 protein shown in FIG. 46 has an estimated molecular weight of about 103,638 daltons and a pI of about 5.94. Analysis of the full-length PRO4326 sequence shown in FIG. 46 (SEQ ID NO:46) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 46. Clone UNQ1883 (DNA91779-2571) has been deposited with ATCC on Mar. 16, 1999 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203844.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 46 (SEQ ID NO:46), evidenced significant homology between the PRO4326 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: RNU87306_(—)1, P_W78900, MMU72634_(—)1, AF055634_(—)1, P_W78899, P_W78901, AB005297_(—)1, TSP1_CHICK, SSPO_BOVIN and CFU55935_(—)1.

Example 27 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO4332 Polypeptides [UNQ1887]

A cDNA clone (DNA100272-2969) encoding a native human PRO4332 polypeptide was identified using a yeast screen, in a human breast carcinoma cDNA library that preferentially represents the 5′ ends of the primary cDNA clones.

Clone DNA100272-2969 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 483-485 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 807-809 (FIG. 47; SEQ ID NO:47). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 108 amino acids long (FIG. 48; SEQ ID NO:48). The full-length PRO4332 protein shown in FIG. 48 has an estimated molecular weight of about 12055 daltons and a pI of about 4.69. Analysis of the full-length PRO4332 sequence shown in FIG. 48 (SEQ ID NO:48) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 48, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Clone DNA100272-2969 has been deposited with ATCC on Jul. 25, 2000 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. PTA-2299.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 48 (SEQ ID NO:48), did not evidence sequence identity between the PRO4332 amino acid sequence and sequences in the Dayhoff database.

Example 28 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO4346 Polypeptides [UNQ1900]

The extracellular domain (ECD) sequences (including the secretion signal sequence, if any) from about 950 known secreted proteins from the Swiss-Prot public database were used to search EST databases. The EST databases included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank), and a proprietary EST database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.). The search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 [Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)] as a comparison of the ECD protein sequences to a 6 frame translation of the EST sequences. Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases, 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.).

A consensus DNA sequence encoding PRO4346 was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap. This consensus sequence is designated herein “DNA81243”.

Based on the DNA81243 consensus sequence oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO4346. Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 bp in length. In some cases, additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5 kbp. In order to screen several libraries for a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 135) 5′GACATATGCTGCCGCTTCCACTCC3′ and reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 136) 5′TCTCTTCTCCGCCTGCTTCCTCAGC3′.

Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA81243 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence:

hybridization probe (SEQ ID NO: 137) 5′GACAACTTCTCTGGCGAAGCTCTCTGGGAACTGGAGGTAGCAGG3′.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO4346 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human bone marrow. The cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO4346 (designated herein as DNA86594-2587 [FIG. 49, SEQ ID NO:49]; and the derived protein sequence for PRO4346.

The entire coding sequence of PRO4346 is shown in FIG. 49 (SEQ ID NO:49). Clone DNA86594-2587 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 218-220, and an apparent stop codon at nucleotide positions 1823-1825. The predicted polypeptide precursor is 535 amino acids long (FIG. 50; SEQ ID NO:50). Clone DNA86594-2587 (UNQ1900), designated as DNA86594-2587 has been deposited with ATCC on Mar. 30, 1999 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203894. The full-length PRO4346 protein shown in FIG. 50 has an estimated molecular weight of about 59716 daltons and a pI of about 6.36.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 50 (SEQ ID NO:50), revealed homology between the PRO4346 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences (sequences and related text incorporated herein): P_W78916, HS45P21_(—)1, HS45P21_(—)3, HSU90552_(—)1, HS45P21_(—)4, P_W71592, S37583, HSAJ03147_(—)4, MOG_HUMAN and AF096870_(—)1.

Example 29 Isolation of cDNA clones Encoding Human PRO4400 Polypeptides [UNQ1925]

The extracellular domain (ECD) sequences (including the secretion signal sequence, if any) from about 950 known secreted proteins from the Swiss-Prot public database were used to search EST databases. The EST databases included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank), and a proprietary EST database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) and proprietary ESTs from Genentech. The search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 [Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)] as a comparison of the ECD protein sequences to a 6 frame translation of the EST sequences. Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases, 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.).

A consensus DNA sequence encoding PRO4400 was assembled relative to other EST sequences using repeated cycles of phrap. This consensus sequence is designated herein “DNA77634”.

Based on the 77634 consensus sequence oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO4400. Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 hp in length. In some cases, additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5 kbp. In order to screen several libraries for a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 138) 5′GCTGCTGCCGTCCATGCTGATG3′ and reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO 139) 5′CTCGGGGAATGTGACATCGTCGC3′..

Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus DNA77634 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence:

hybridization probe (SEQ ID NO: 140) 5′GCTGCCGTCCATGCTGATGTTTGCGGTGATCGTGG3′.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO4400 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human adenocarcinoma cell line. The cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for PRO4400 (designated herein as DNA87974-2609 [FIG. 51, SEQ ID NO:51]; and the derived protein sequence for PRO4400.

The entire coding sequence of PRO4400 is shown in FIG. 51 (SEQ ID NO:51). Clone DNA87974-2609 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 27-29, and an apparent stop codon at nucleotide positions 1026-1028. The predicted polypeptide precursor is 333 amino acids long (FIG. 52; SEQ ID NO:52). Clone DNA87974-2609 (UNQ1925), designated as DNA87974-2609 has been deposited with ATCC on Apr. 27, 1999 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 203963. The full-length PRO4400 protein shown in FIG. 52 has an estimated molecular weight of about 38618 daltons and a pI of about 9.27.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 52 (SEQ ID NO:52), revealed homology between the PRO4400 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: AF033827_(—)1, AF070594_(—)1, AF022729_(—)1, CEC3_(—)4F6_(—)4, SYFB_THETH, G70405, SD_DROME, S64023, ALK1_YEAST and VG04_HSVII.

Example 30 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO6003 Polypeptides [UNQ2514]

A cDNA clone (DNA83568-2692) encoding a native human PRO6003 polypeptide was identified using a yeast screen, in a human fetal kidney cDNA library that preferentially represents the 5′ ends of the primary cDNA clones.

Clone DNA83568-2692 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 638-640 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 2225-2227 (FIG. 53; SEQ ID NO:53). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 529 amino acids long (FIG. 54; SEQ ID NO:54). The full-length PRO6003 protein shown in FIG. 54 has an estimated molecular weight of about 59,583 daltons and a pI of about 6.36. Analysis of the full-length PRO6003 sequence shown in FIG. 54 (SEQ ID NO:54) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 54, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Clone DNA83568-2692 has been deposited with ATCC on Jul. 20, 1999 and is assigned ATCC Deposit No. PTA-386.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 54 (SEQ ID NO:54), evidenced sequence identity between the PRO6003 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: P_W58986, PTND7_(—)1, YKZ3_YEAST, CEKO4B12_(—)1, AB014464_(—)1, PCU07059_(—)1, S31213, CELF25E2_(—)2, AF036408_(—)1, and AB007932_(—)1.

Example 31 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO6094 Polypeptides [UNQ2542]

The extracellular domain (ECD) sequences (including the secretion signal sequence, if any) from about 950 known secreted proteins from the Swiss-Prot public database were used to search EST databases. The EST databases included a proprietary EST database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.). The search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 [Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)] as a comparison of the ECD protein sequences to a 6 frame translation of the EST sequences. Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases, 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.).

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap as described above. This consensus sequence is herein designated DNA94621. In some cases, the DNA94621 consensus sequence derives from an intermediate consensus DNA sequence which was extended using repeated cycles of BLAST and phrap to extend that intermediate consensus sequence as far as possible using the sources of EST sequences discussed above.

Based on the DNA94621 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO6094. Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 bp in length. In some cases, additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5 kbp. In order to screen several libraries for a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

forward PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 141) 5′GGAGAGGTGGATCACTCGACCCG′ and reverse PCR primer (SEQ ID NO: 142) 5′ACATGCCAGGGACTCCTCCGAAAC3′..

Additionally, a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probe was constructed from the consensus

DNA94621 sequence which had the following nucleotide sequence:

hybridization probe (SEQ ID NO: 143) 5′GTGGATCACTCGACCCGCTTAATTTCGGATCCTGTGCTGCTG′.

In order to screen several libraries for a source of a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification with the PCR primer pair identified above. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the PRO6094 gene using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the PCR primers.

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human adrenal gland tissue. The cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for a full-length PRO6094 polypeptide (designated herein as DNA96995-2709 (FIG. 55; SEQ ID NO:55) and the derived protein sequence for that PRO6094 polypeptide.

The full length clone identified above contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 197-199 and a stop signal at nucleotide positions 3,266-3,268 (FIG. 55, SEQ ID NO: 55). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 1,023 amino acids long, has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 111,682 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 4.72. Analysis of the full-length PRO6094 sequence shown in FIG. 56 (SEQ ID NO: 56) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 56, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Clone DNA96995-2709 has been deposited with ATCC on Aug. 3, 1999 and is assigned ATCC Deposit No. PTA-475

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 56 (SEQ ID NO: 56), evidenced sequence identity between the PRO6094 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: AB023144_(—)1, I52657, XLXOLL_(—)1, P_W40224, DAF_CAVPO, HSBMP16_(—)1, P_P80618, GEN10655, P_P94774, and P_R66683.

Example 32 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO6244 Polypeptides [UNQ2564]

A cDNA clone (DNA108743-2722) encoding a native human PRO6244 polypeptide was identified using a yeast screen, in a human cDNA library that preferentially represents the 5′ ends of the primary cDNA clones.

Clone DNA108743-2722 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 18-20 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 1218-1220 (FIG. 57; SEQ ID NO:57). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 400 amino acids long (FIG. 58; SEQ ID NO:58). The full-length PRO6244 protein shown in FIG. 58 has an estimated molecular weight of about 44,876 daltons and a pI of about 8.32. Analysis of the full-length PRO6244 sequence shown in FIG. 58 (SEQ ID NO: 58) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 58, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Clone DNA108743-2722 has been deposited with ATCC on Aug. 10, 1999 and is assigned ATCC Deposit No. PTA-508.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 58 (SEQ ID NO: 58), evidenced sequence identity between the PRO6244 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: P_W29676; I45887; YN99_YEAST; S63403; S75481; RS2_SPICI; HGS_RK142; A44811; and STRGTFJA_(—)1.

Example 33 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO9820 Polypeptides [UNQ3022]

DNA108769-2765 was identified by applying a proprietary signal sequence finding algorithm developed by Genentech, Inc. (South San Francisco, Calif.) upon ESTs as well as clustered and assembled EST fragments from public (e.g., GenBank) and/or private (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) databases. The signal sequence algorithm computes a secretion signal score based on the character of the DNA nucleotides surrounding the first and optionally the second methionine codon(s) (ATG) at the 5′-end of the sequence or sequence fragment under consideration. The nucleotides following the first ATG must code for at least 35 unambiguous amino acids without any stop codons. If the first ATG has the required amino acids, the second is not examined. If neither meets the requirement, the candidate sequence is not scored. In order to determine whether the EST sequence contains an authentic signal sequence, the DNA and corresponding amino acid sequences surrounding the ATG codon are scored using a set of seven sensors (evaluation parameters) known to be associated with secretion signals.

Use of the above described signal sequence algorithm allowed identification of an EST sequence from the Incyte database, designated herein as DNA20895 also designated herein as DNA85061.

Based on the DNA85061 sequence, clone no. 3110062H1 was purchased from Incyte and the cDNA insert from human exocrine gland tissue was obtained and sequenced. It was found herein that cDNA insert encoded a full-length protein. The sequence of this cDNA insert is herein designated as DNA108769-2765.

Clone DNA108769-2765 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 133-135 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 1834-1836 (FIG. 59; SEQ ID NO:59). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 567 amino acids long (FIG. 60; SEQ ID NO:60). The full-length PRO9820 protein shown in FIG. 60 has an estimated molecular weight of about 65118 daltons and a pI of about 8.33. Analysis of the full-length PRO9820 sequence shown in FIG. 60 (SEQ ID NO:60) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 60, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Clone DNA108769-2765 has been deposited with the ATCC on Oct. 19, 1999 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. PTA-861.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 60 (SEQ ID NO:60), evidenced sequence identity between the PRO9820 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: S43720; LPH_HUMAN; P_W93002; AB010089S3_(—)1; AB009666S2_(—)1; JC5925; PSU26025_(—)1; S50756; P_W56024; and P_W53469.

Example 34 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO9828 Polypeptides [UNQ3027]

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other nucleic sequences using phrap as described in Example 1 above. This consensus sequence is herein designated DNA139814. Based on the DNA139814 consensus sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized: 1) to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest, and 2) for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for PRO9828. Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length. The probe sequences are typically 40-55 bp in length. In some cases, additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5 kbp. In order to screen several libraries for a full-length clone, DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.

PCR primers (forward and reverse) were synthesized:

(SEQ ID NO: 144) 5′-AATCTCAGCACCAGCCACTCAGAGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 145) 5′-GTTAAAGAGGGTGCCCTTCCAGCGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 146) 5′-TATCCCAATGCCTCCCCACTGCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 147) 5′-GATGAACTTGGCGAAGGGGCGGCA-3′

RNA for construction of the cDNA libraries was isolated from human fetal liver tissue. The cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif. The cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a NotI site, linked with blunt to SalI hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with NotI, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the SfiI site; see, Holmes et al., Science, 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique XhoI and NotI sites.

DNA sequencing of the clones isolated as described above gave the full-length DNA sequence for a full-length PRO9828 polypeptide (designated herein as DNA142238-2768 [FIG. 61, SEQ ID NO:61]) and the derived protein sequence for that PRO9828 polypeptide.

The full length clone identified above contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 232-234 and a stop signal at nucleotide positions 985-987 (FIG. 61, SEQ ID NO:61). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 251 amino acids long, has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 27,954 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 9.22. Analysis of the full-length PRO9828 sequence shown in FIG. 62 (SEQ ID NO:62) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 62, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Chromosome mapping evidences that the PRO9828-encoding nucleic acid maps to chromosome 12p13 in humans. Clone DNA142238-2768 has been deposited with ATCC on Oct. 5, 1999 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. PTA-819.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 62 (SEQ ID NO:62), evidenced sequence identity between the PRO9828 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: P_Y08581, AB018122_(—)1, FGF3_HUMAN, P_R70824, 554407, P_R80780, P_Y23761, P_W92312, OMFGF6_(—)1 and P_R80871.

Example 35 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO10274 Polypeptides [UNQ3122]

The extracellular domain (ECD) sequences (including the secretion signal sequence, if any) from about 950 known secreted proteins from the Swiss-Prot public database were used to search EST databases. The EST databases included (1) public EST databases (e.g., GenBank and Merck/Washington Univ.), (2) a proprietary EST database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.), and (3) a proprietary EST database from Genentech]. The search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 [Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)] as a comparison of the ECD protein sequences to a 6 frame translation of the EST sequences. Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases, 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into consensus DNA sequences with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.).

A consensus DNA sequence was assembled relative to other EST sequences using phrap as described above. This consensus sequence is herein designated DNA120444. In some cases, the consensus sequence derives from an intermediate consensus DNA sequence which was extended using repeated cycles of BLAST and phrap to extend that intermediate consensus sequence as far as possible using the sources of EST sequences discussed above.

EST clone no. 4522347 was then purchased from LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif. and the cDNA insert of that clone was obtained and sequenced in entirety.

DNA sequencing of the insert obtained from the above mentioned clone gave the full-length DNA sequence for a full-length PRO10274 polypeptide (designated herein as DNA139686-2823 [FIG. 63, SEQ ID NO: 63]) and the derived protein sequence for that PRO10274 polypeptide.

The full length clone identified above contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 2-4 and a stop signal at nucleotide positions 1412-1414 (FIG. 63, SEQ ID NO:63). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 470 amino acids long, has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 52118 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 5.06. Analysis of the full-length PRO10274 sequence shown in FIG. 64 (SEQ ID NO:64) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 64, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Clone DNA139686-2823 has been deposited with ATCC on Feb. 2, 2000 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. PTA-1264.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 64 (SEQ ID NO:64), evidenced sequence identity between the PRO10274 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: af151848_(—)1, cec27h6_(—)4, ceb0491_(—)2, celf36h12_(—)2, cet05g5_(—)10, ynp7 caee1, celc16c8_(—)17, p_w61533, rdaxx_(—)1 AND hsf0811_(—)1.

Example 36 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO16090 Polypeptides [UNQ5783]

DNA144844-2843 was identified by applying a proprietary signal sequence finding algorithm developed by Genentech, Inc. (South San Francisco, Calif.) upon ESTs as well as clustered and assembled EST fragments from public (e.g., GenBank) and/or private (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) databases. The signal sequence algorithm computes a secretion signal score based on the character of the DNA nucleotides surrounding the first and optionally the second methionine codon(s) (ATG) at the 5′-end of the sequence or sequence fragment under consideration. The nucleotides following the first ATG must code for at least 35 unambiguous amino acids without any stop codons. If the first ATG has the required amino acids, the second is not examined. If neither meets the requirement, the candidate sequence is not scored. In order to determine whether the EST sequence contains an authentic signal sequence, the DNA and corresponding amino acid sequences surrounding the ATG codon are scored using a set of seven sensors (evaluation parameters) known to be associated with secretion signals.

Use of the above described signal sequence algorithm allowed identification of an EST cluster sequence from the Incyte database, designated herein as 1607358. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “pinup” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA87966.

In light of an observed sequence homology between the DNA87966 sequence and an EST sequence encompassed within clone no. 1607358 from the Incyte database, clone no. 1607358 was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. It was found herein that that cDNA insert encoded a full-length protein. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 65 and is herein designated as DNA144844-2843.

Clone DNA144844-2843 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 88-90 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 523-525 (FIG. 65; SEQ ID NO:65). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 145 amino acids long (FIG. 66; SEQ ID NO:66). The full-length PRO16090 protein shown in FIG. 66 has an estimated molecular weight of about 16,618 daltons and a pI of about 5.26. Analysis of the full-length PRO16090 sequence shown in FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:66) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 66, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Clone DNA144844-2843 has been deposited with ATCC on Mar. 21, 2000 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. PTA-1536.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:66), evidenced sequence identity between the PRO16090 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: P_W62772, AF161080_(—)1, T04798, D84131_(—)1, D88358_(—)1, GUNA_MICBI, T16251, AF001628_(—)1, AF176784_(—)1, and T26081.

Example 37 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO19644 Polypeptides [UNQ5825]

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of an EST cluster sequence from the Incyte database. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA60765. In light of DNA60765, DNA 139592-2866 was identified.

The full length clone (designated herein as DNA139592-2866) shown in FIG. 67 contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 192-194 and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 1122-1124 (FIG. 67; SEQ ID NO:67). The predicted PRO19644 polypeptide precursor (FIG. 68, SEQ ID NO:68) is 882 amino acids long. PRO19644 has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 98428 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 8.89.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 68 (SEQ ID NO:68), revealed homology between the PRO19644 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences (sequences and related text incorporated herein): P_W56538.

Clone DNA139592-2866 was deposited with the ATCC on Mar. 28, 2000 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. PTA-1587.

Example 38 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO21340 Polypeptides [UNQ5982]

A cDNA clone (DNA176775-2957) encoding a native human PRO21340 polypeptide was identified using a yeast screen, in a cDNA library derived from a mixture of human tissues that preferentially represents the 5′ ends of the primary cDNA clones.

Clone DNA176775-2957 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 128-130 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 2489-2491 (FIG. 69; SEQ ID NO:69). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 787 amino acids long (FIG. 70; SEQ ID NO:70). The full-length PRO21340 protein shown in FIG. 70 has an estimated molecular weight of about 87934 daltons and a pI of about 5.49. Analysis of the full-length PRO21340 sequence shown in FIG. 70 (SEQ ID NO:70) evidences the presence of a variety of important polypeptide domains as shown in FIG. 70, wherein the locations given for those important polypeptide domains are approximate as described above. Clone DNA176775-2957 has been deposited with ATCC on Jul. 25, 2000 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. PTA-2303.

An analysis of the Dayhoff database (version 35.45 SwissProt 35), using the ALIGN-2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in FIG. 70 (SEQ ID NO:70), evidenced sequence identity between the PRO21340 amino acid sequence and the following Dayhoff sequences: MFTMDCIII_(—)1, IISA133005_(—)1, ADO2_HUMAN, P_R87036, S18968, P_W44120, AF167403_(—)1, AF171931_(—)1, AF029899_(—)1 and AF029900_(—)1.

Example 39 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1026 Polypeptides [UNQ511]

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of an EST cluster sequence from the Incyte database. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (Lifeseq®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA56434.

In light of an observed sequence homology between the DNA56434 sequence and an EST sequence encompassed within the Incyte EST clone no. 1227491, the Incyte EST clone 1227491 was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. It was found that this insert encoded a full-length protein. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 77 and is herein designated as DNA59613-1417.

The entire nucleotide sequence of DNA59613-1417 is shown in FIG. 77 (SEQ ID NO:77). Clone DNA59613-1417 contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 233-235 and ending at the stop codon at nucleotide positions 944-946 (FIG. 77). The predicted polypeptide precursor is 237 amino acids long (FIG. 78). The full-length PRO1026 protein shown in FIG. 78 has an estimated molecular weight of about 25,284 daltons and a pI of about 5.74. Clone DNA59613-1417 has been deposited with the ATCC. Regarding the sequence, it is understood that the deposited clone contains the correct sequence, and the sequences provided herein are based on known sequencing techniques.

Analyzing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:78, the putative signal peptide is at about amino acids 1-25 of SEQ ID NO:78. The N-glycosylation sites are at about amino acids 45-48, 73-76, 107-110, 118-121, 132-135, 172-175, 175-178 and 185-188 of SEQ ID NO:78. An arthropod defensins conserved region is at about amino acids 176-182 of SEQ ID NO:78. A kringle domain begins at about amino acid 128 of SEQ ID NO:78 and a ly-6/u-PAR domain begins at about amino acid 6 of SEQ ID NO:78. The corresponding nucleotides of these amino acid sequences and others can be routinely determined given the sequences provided herein.

The designations appearing in a Dayhoff database with which PRO1026 has some sequence identity are as follows: SSC20F10_(—)1; SF041083; P_W26579; S44208; JC2394; PSTA_DICDI; A27020; S59310; RAG1_RABIT; and MUSBALBC1_(—)1.

Example 40 Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding Human PRO1124 Polypeptides (UNQ18919)

Use of the signal sequence algorithm described in Example 3 above allowed identification of a single EST cluster sequence from the Incyte database. This EST cluster sequence was then compared to a variety of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases which included public EST databases (e.g., GenBank) and a proprietary EST DNA database (LIFESEQ®, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif.) to identify existing homologies. The homology search was performed using the computer program BLAST or BLAST2 (Altshul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266:460-480 (1996)). Those comparisons resulting in a BLAST score of 70 (or in some cases 90) or greater that did not encode known proteins were clustered and assembled into a consensus DNA sequence with the program “phrap” (Phil Green, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.). The consensus sequence obtained therefrom is herein designated DNA56035.

In light of an observed sequence homology between the DNA56035 consensus sequence and an EST sequence encompassed within the Incyte EST clone no. 2767646, the Incyte EST clone 2767646 was purchased and the cDNA insert was obtained and sequenced. It was found that this insert encoded a full-length protein. The sequence of this cDNA insert is shown in FIG. 75 and is herein designated as DNA60629-1481. The full length clone shown in FIG. 75 contained a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 25-27 and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 2782-2784 (FIG. 75; SEQ ID NO:75). The predicted polypeptide precursor (FIG. 76, SEQ ID NO:76) is 919 amino acids long. PRO1124 has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 101,282 daltons and an estimated pI of approximately 5.37. Clone DNA60629-1481 has been deposited with the ATCC on Jun. 16, 1998 and is assigned ATCC deposit no. 209979. It is understood that the deposited clone has the actual sequence, whereas only representations based on current sequencing techniques which may include normal and minor errors, are provided herein.

Based on a WU-BLAST2 sequence alignment analysis of the full-length sequence, PRO1124 shows significant amino acid sequence identity to a chloride channel protein and to ECAM-1. Specifically, the following Dayhoff designations were identified as having sequence identity with PRO1124: ECLC_BOVIN, AF001261_(—)1, P_W06548, SSC6A10_(—)1, AF004355_(—)1, S76691, AF017642, BYU06866_(—)2, CSA_DTCDI and SAU47139_(—)2.

Example 41 Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 Gene Disruptions

To investigate the role of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides, disruptions in PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 genes were produced by homologous recombination or retroviral insertion techniques. Specifically, transgenic mice comprising disruptions in PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 genes (i.e., knockout mice) were created by either gene targeting or gene trapping. Mutations were confirmed by southern blot analysis to confirm correct targeting on both the 5′ and 3′ ends. Gene-specific genotyping was also performed by genomic PCR to confirm the loss of the endogenous native transcript as demonstrated by RT-PCR using primers that anneal to exons flanking the site of insertion. Targeting vectors were electroporated into 129 strain ES cells and targeted clones were identified. Targeted clones were microinjected into host blastocysts to produce chimeras Chimeras were bred with C57 animals to produce F1 heterozygotes. Heterozygotes were intercrossed to produce F2 wildtype, heterozygote and homozygote cohorts which were used for phenotypic analysis. Rarely, if not enough F1 heterozygotes were produced, the F1 hets were bred to wildtype C57 mice to produce sufficient heterozygotes to breed for cohorts to be analyzed for a phenotype. All phenotypic analysis was performed from 12-16 weeks after birth.

Summary of Results

41.1. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA26844-1394 (UNQ168) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO194 polypeptides (designated as DNA26844-1394) (UNQ168) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)025693 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)025693 NID: gi 21313375 ref NM_(—)025693.1 Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 5730578N08 gene (5730578N08Rik); protein reference: Q9D8U2 or ACCESSION:Q9D8U2 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). 5730578N08Rik protein (RIKEN cDNA 5730578N08 gene). MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM 080652 or ACCESSION:NM 080652 NID: gi 18087812 ref NM_(—)080652.1 Homo sapiens similar to RIKEN cDNA 5730578N08 gene (MGC15397); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q96HV5 or ACCESSION:Q96HV5 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Hypothetical protein. HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 5730578N08 gene, ortholog of human MGC15397 (similar to RIKEN cDNA 5730578N08 gene). Aliases include 290001K02Rik. MGC15397 is a hypothetical plasma membrane protein, consisting of a signal peptide and six transmembrane segments.

wt het hom Total Observed 17 37 16 70 Expected 17.5 35 17.5 70 Chi−Sq.=0.26 Significance=0.87935 (hom/n)=0.23 Avg. Litter Size=7

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 1 and 2 (NCBI accession NM_(—)025693.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle, bone, and adipose. This gene is elevated in normal small intestine. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was absent in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (F-97). Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Inverse PCR.

41.1.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA26844-1394 (UNQ168)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of a human hypothetical membrane protein resulted in immunological abnormalities marked by an increased mean serum TNF-alpha, MCP1 and IL-6 response to a LPS challenge. In addition, male knockouts exhibited a significant increase in triglyceride levels as well as an increased total body fat. Both male homozygous (−/−) and heterozygous (+/−) mice showed increased bone mineral density measurements. Female (−/−) mice also showed increased bone-related measurements. Transcript was absent by RT-PCR.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following test was performed:

Acute Phase Response:

Test Description: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin, and as such is a potent inducer of an acute phase response and systemic inflammation. The Level I LPS mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a sublethal dose of LPS in 200 μL, sterile saline using a 26 gauge needle. The doses were based on the average weight of the mice tested at 1 μg/g body weight 3 hours after injection; a 100 ul blood sample was then taken and analyzed for the presence of TNFa, MCP-1, and IL-6 on the FACS Calibur instrument.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean serum IL-6, MCP1 and TNF-alpha response to LPS challenge when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 6/4/8

In summary, the LPS endotoxin challenge demonstrated that knockout mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO194 polypeptides exhibit immunological abnormalities when compared with their wild-type littermates. In particular, the mutant mice exhibited an increased ability to elicit an immunological response (TNF-alpha, MCP 1 and IL-6 production) when challenged with the LPS endotoxin indicating a pronounced proinflammatory response. IL-6 contributes to the later stages of B cell activation. In addition, IL-6 plays a critical role in inducing the acute phase response and systemic inflammation. This suggests that antagonists (inhibitors) of PRO194 polypeptides would stimulate the immune system and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, PRO194 polypeptides or agonists thereof, would be useful in inhibiting the immune response and would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of graft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: Cardiology

In the area of cardiovascular biology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, dyslipidemias such as high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and elevated serum triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), diabetes and/or obesity. The phenotypic tests included the measurement of scrum cholesterol and triglycerides.

Blood Lipids

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. High cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride blood levels are recognized risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Measuring blood lipids facilitates the finding of biological switches that regulate blood lipid levels Inhibition of factors which elevate blood lipid levels may be useful for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In these blood chemistry tests, measurements were recorded using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche).

Results:

The male (−/−) knockout mice showed a significant increase in triglyceride levels when compared to their wild-type littermate controls.

As summarized above, the male (−/−) mice exhibited notably increased triglyceride levels when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. However, both insulin levels and glucose tolerance testing showed no abnormalities. Because the triglyceride levels were significantly elevated, mutant mice deficient in the PRO194 gene can serve as a model for cardiovascular disease. PRO194 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in regulating blood lipids such as triglycerides. Thus, PRO194 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of such cardiovascular diseases as hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary diseases, or hypertriglyceridemia, and/or obesity.

(d) Bone Metabolism & Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Results:

DEXA: The male (−/−) mice exhibited increased mean percent total body fat when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates. In addition, an increased mean bone mineral density was exhibited in both male homozygous (−/−) and heterozygous (+/−) mice. The female (−/−) mice exhibited increased mean bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratio, total body bone mineral density (BMD), femoral bone mineral density, and vertebrae bone mineral density when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary:

The (−/−) mice exhibited increased mean total body fat, bone mineral density, bone mineral content, BMC/LBM, and total body and femoral bone mineral density when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates. These results indicate that the knockout mutant phenotype is associated with such bone abnormalities as osteopetrosis. Osteopetrosis is a condition characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of bone and abnormal fragility of the bones. As such, PRO194 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be beneficial for the treatment of osteopetrosis. A phenotype associated with an increased bone mineral content, and total body and femoral bone mineral density suggests that agents which mimic these effects (e.g. antagonists of PRO194 polypeptides) would be useful in bone healing.

(e) Expression Profiles

Expression profile analysis indicates that UNQ168 is elevated in normal small intestine. Thus, this gene is likely involved in innate immunity in the intestine.

41.2. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA32298-1132 (UNQ194) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO220 polypeptides (designated as DNA32298-1132) (UNQ194) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: D49802 or ACCESSION:D49802 NID:1369905 Mus musculus Mus musculus mRNA for leucine-rich repeat protein; protein reference: P97860 or ACCESSION:P97860 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT PROTEIN PRECURSOR (FRAGMENT). MOUSE SPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)018334 or Homo sapiens leucine rich repeat neuronal 3 (LRRN3); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9H3W5 or ACCESSION:Q9H3W5 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). HYPOTHETICAL 79.4 KDA PROTEIN (NEURONAL LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT PROTEIN-3). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is Lrrn3 (leucine rich repeat protein 3, neuronal), ortholog of human LRRN3 (leucine rich repeat neuronal 3). Aliases include NLRR-3; NLRR3; FLJ11129; and leucine-rich repeat protein, neuronal 3.

LRRN3 is a type I plasma membrane protein, consisting of an extracellular segment, a transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic C terminus. The extracellular segment is composed of a signal peptide, several leucine-rich repeats, an immunoglobulin-like domain, and a fibronectin type III domain; the cytoplasmic domain contains clathrin-mediated endocytosis motifs. Since immunoglobulin-like domains and fibronectin type III domains are typically involved in protein-protein interactions, LRRN3 may function as a cell adhesion or signal transduction molecule (Taniguchi et al, Brain Res Mol Brain Res; 36(1):45-52 (1996); Fukamachi et al, J Biol Chem; 277(46):43549-52 (2002)). In fibroblasts transfected with LRRN3 expression plasmid, LRRN3 is likely to facilitate internalization of EGF in clathrin-coated vesicles, potentiating Ras-MAPK signaling (Fukamachi et al, J Biol Chem; 277(46):43549-52 (2002)). Expression of LRRN3 is highest in the developing brain and is upregulated in injured brain, suggesting that the protein may play a role in development and maintenance of the nervous system (Taniguchi et al, Brain Res Mol Brain Res; 36(1):45-52 (1996); Ishii et al, Brain Res Mol Brain Res; 40(1):148-52 (1996); Fukamachi et al, J Biol Chem; 277(46):43549-52 (2002)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 18 31 23 72 Expected 18 36 18 72 Chi−Sq.=2.08 Significance=0.35287 (hom/n)=0.32 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession D49802.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected, among 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, in brain, spinal cord, eye, spleen, liver, and adipose. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.2.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA32298-1132 (UNQ194)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

The homozygous mutant mice exhibited increased mean percent body fat and fat mass as well as abnormal bone-related measurements when compared with their gender-matched wild-type littermates and the historical means. In addition, the homozygous mutant mice exhibited enhanced glucose tolerance with increased insulin sensitivity when compared with their gender-matched wild-type littermates. The mutant mice also exhibited decreased activity in open field testing suggestive of depressive disorders. Hotplate results suggest an enhanced nociception response or increased sensitivity. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical hone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PTXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PTXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular hone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total hone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited increased mean percent total body fat when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The female (−/−) mice also exhibited increased mean total fat mass. Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean femoral mid-shaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary:

The (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited decreased bone measurements when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggestive of abnormal bone disorders. In addition, both male and female mutant (−/−) mice also exhibited an increased mean percentage of body fat suggestive of an obesity phenotype. These observations suggest that mutant mice deficient in the gene which encodes PRO220 polypeptides leads to metabolic disorders associated with accumulation of fat but also abnormal bone measurements reflective of general metabolic disorders which can be associated with obesity. This in combination with Blood Chemistry analysis (showing an enhanced glucose tolerance) suggest that the mutant mice exhibit complex metabolic effects including an abnormal glucose metabolism. In addition, the mutant mice exhibited increased insulin sensitivity as demonstrated by no change in insulin levels, yet an enhanced glucose tolerance. Thus, PRO220 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment or prevention of such disorders as obesity or other metabolic diseases.

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: Metabolism—Blood Chemistry/Glucose Tolerance

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for running blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes glucose tolerance tests to measure insulin sensitivity and changes in glucose metabolism. Abnormal glucose tolerance test results may indicate but may not be limited to the following disorders or conditions: Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Syndrome X, various cardiovascular diseases and/or obesity.

Procedure: A cohort of 2 wild type and 4 homozygous mice were used in this assay. The glucose tolerance test is the standard for defining impaired glucose homeostasis in mammals. Glucose tolerance tests were performed using a Lifescan glucometer. Animals were injected IP at 2 g/kg with D-glucose delivered as a 20% solution and blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after injection. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

Glucose Tolerance Test: The mutant (−/−) mice tested exhibited enhanced glucose tolerance when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary:

In these studies the mutant (−/−) mice showed an increased or enhanced glucose tolerance in the presence of normal fasting glucose at all 3 intervals tested when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. In addition, hyperinsulinemia was not apparent in the (−/−) mice. Thus, knockout mice exhibited an increased insulin sensitivity or the opposite phenotypic pattern of an impaired glucose homeostasis, and as such antagonists (inhibitors) to PRO220 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in the treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis.

(d) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects” first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 5/4/8

Results:

A notable difference was observed during open field activity testing. The male (−/−) mice exhibited an increased median sum time in the center area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates, which is indicative of a decreased anxiety-like response in the mutants. Thus, knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with depressive disorders, schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorders. Thus, PRO220 polypeptides and agonists thereof would be useful for the treatment or amelioration of the symptoms associated with depressive disorders.

Hot Plate Testing

Test Description: The hot plate test for nociception is carried out by placing each mouse on a small enclosed 55° C. hot plate. Latency to a hind limb response (lick, shake, or jump) is recorded, with a maximum time on the hot plate of 30 sec. Each animal is tested once.

Results:

The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a reduced latency to respond (for example an increased sensitivity-difference) when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermate controls. These results suggest an enhanced nociception response.

41.3. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA34392-1170 (UNQ215) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO241 polypeptides (designated as DNA34392-1170) (UNQ215) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)025711 or ACCESSTON:NM_(—)025711 NID: gi 13385169 ref NM_(—)025711.1 Mus musculus asporin (Aspn); protein reference: Q99MQ4 or ACCESSION:Q99MQ4 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). ASPORIN PRECURSOR. MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)017680 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)017680 NID: gi 16596677 ref NM_(—)017680.2 Homo sapiens asporin (LRR class 1) (ASPN); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9BXN1 or ACCESSTON:Q9BXN1 NIT): Homo sapiens (Human). ASPORIN PRECURSOR. HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is Aspn (asporin), ortholog of human ASPN (asporin [LRR class 1]). Aliases include PLAP1, SLRR1C, 4631401G09Rik, FLJ20129, small leucine-rich protein 1C, and periodontal ligament associated protein 1.

ASPN is a secreted leucine-rich repeat-containing protein that binds with collagen and associates with extracellular matrix. ASPN consists of a signal peptide, a putative propeptide, 4 amino-terminal cysteines, 10 leucine-rich repeats, and 2 C-terminal cysteines. The N terminus also contains a unique aspartate-rich region. ASPN is expressed primarily in developing skeleton, cartilage, and connective tissue. Relatively high levels of ASPN are found in osteoarthritic articular cartilage, aorta, uterus, heart, and liver. ASPN may play a role in modulating the organization or stabilization of collagen fibrils and in formation of mineralized matrix in periodontal ligament tissues (Lorenzo et al, J Biol Chem; 276(15):12201-11 (2001); Henry et al, J Biol Chem; 276(15):12212-21 (2001); Yamada et al, Gene; 275(2):279-86 (2001)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 19 37 17 73 Expected 18.25 36.5 18.25 73 Chi−Sq.=0.12 Significance=0.94022 (hom/n)=0.23 Avg. Litter Size=7 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCR1 accession AF316825.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except liver and bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.3.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA34392-1170 (UNQ215)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human asporin (LRR class 1) (ASPN) resulted in enhanced glucose tolerance with possibly increased insulin sensitivity in mutant (−/−) mice. Both male and female (−/−) mice exhibited decreased bone-related measurements. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Phenotypic Analysis: Metabolism—Blood Chemistry/Glucose Tolerance

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for running blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes glucose tolerance tests to measure insulin sensitivity and changes in glucose metabolism. Abnormal glucose tolerance test results may indicate but may not be limited to the following disorders or conditions: Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Syndrome X, various cardiovascular diseases and/or obesity.

Procedure: A cohort of 2 wild type and 4 homozygous mice were used in this assay. The glucose tolerance test is the standard for defining impaired glucose homeostasis in mammals. Glucose tolerance tests were performed using a Lifescan glucometer. Animals were injected IP at 2 g/kg with D-glucose delivered as a 20% solution and blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after injection. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

Glucose Tolerance Test: The male mutant (−/−) mice tested exhibited an enhanced glucose tolerance when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary:

In these studies, the male mutant (−/−) mice showed an increased or enhanced glucose tolerance in the presence of normal fasting glucose at all 3 intervals tested when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. In addition, hyperinsulinemia was not apparent in the (−/−) mice. Thus, knockout mice exhibited the opposite phenotypic pattern of an impaired glucose homeostasis, and as such antagonists (inhibitors) to PRO241 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in the treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis and/or various cardiovascular diseases.

(c) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

Female (−/−) mice exhibited a lower total body volume bone mineral density (vBMD>1 standard deviation), total body bone mineral density (1 standard deviation), and femoral bone mineral density (1 standard deviation) compared with their gender-matched littermate controls. Male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased trabecular bone volume, number, and connectivity density as well as midshaft femoral total area compared to wild-type littermates.

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with significant bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, it appears that PRO241 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO241 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be important in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO241 polypeptides or its encoding gene would lead to abnormal or pathological hone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia.

41.4. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA23318-1211 (UNQ247) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO284 polypeptides (designated as DNA23318-1211) (UNQ247) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)024273 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)024273 NID: gi 13357215 ref NM_(—)024273.1 Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 4930455C21 gene (4930455C21Rik); protein reference: Q99LS9 or ACCESSTON:Q99LS9 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Similar to M5-14 protein. MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)016589 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)016589 NID: gi 7706124 ref NM_(—)016589.1 Homo sapiens chromosome 3 open reading frame 1 (C3orf1); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9NPL8 or ACCESSION:Q9NPL8 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). C3orf1 hypothetical protein. HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 4930455C21 gene, ortholog of human C3orf1(chromosome 3 open reading frame 1). Aliases include 2810021C21Rik and M5-14 protein.

C3orf1 is a hypothetical protein translocase subunit, consisting of a Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family domain. This domain is found in inner mitochondrial proteins Tim17, Tim22, and Tim23. These proteins, along with the pre-protein translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane (Tom), form a translocase channel through which proteins from the cytoplasm enter the mitochondrial matrix. A mitochondrial matrix protein provides the ATPase associated with this complex (Pfam accession PF02466). C3orf1 expression is widespread but particularly high in skeletal and heart muscle (Escarceller et al, DNA Seq; 11(3-4):335-8 (2000)).

wt het hom Total Observed 22 40 0 62 Expected 15.5 31 15.5 62 Chi−Sq.=20.84 Significance=0.00003 (hom/n)=0.00 Avg. Litter Size=6

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 5 and 6 (NCBI accession NM_(—)024273.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except bone. Due to lethality, transcript expression analysis was not performed. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Inverse PCR. UNQ247 is expressed ubiquitously during early development.

41.4.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA23318-1211 (UNQ247)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human chromosome 3 open reading frame 1 (C3orf1) resulted in lethality of (−/−) mutants. The (+/−) mice exhibited decreased bone-related measurements.

Discussion Related to Embryonic Developmental Abnormality of Lethality:

Embryonic lethality in knockout mice usually results from various serious developmental problems including but not limited to neurodegenerative diseases, angiogenic disorders, inflammatory diseases, or where the gene/protein has an important role in basic cell signaling processes in many cell types. In addition, embryonic lethals are useful as potential cancer models. Likewise, the corresponding heterozygous (+/−) mutant animals are particularly useful when they exhibit a phenotype and/or a pathology report which reveals highly informative clues as to the function of the knocked-out gene. For instance, EPO knockout animals were embryonic lethals, but the pathology reports on the embryos showed a profound lack of RBCs.

(b) Pathology

Microscopic Observations: Not tested due to embryonic lethality. At day 12.5, there were 54 embryos observed: 30 (+/−) embryos, 13 (+/+) embryos, 10 resorption moles, and 1 inconclusive. Lethality occurs before embryonic day 12.5d.

Gene Expression: LacZ activity was not detected in the panel of tissues by immunohistochemical analysis.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 1/2/0

(c) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type and 4 heterozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 heterozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

Male heterozygous (+/−) mice had decreased bone mineral content (1 standard deviation) and bone mineral density (1 standard deviation) measurements when compared to wild-type littermates. Female heterozygotes (+/−) also showed decreased bone mineral content, BMC/LBM, total body bone mineral density (1 standard deviation), femoral bone mineral density (1 standard deviation) and vertebrae bone mineral density (1 standard deviation) compared to wild-type littermates. Male heterozygotes (+/−) showed decreased trabecular bone volume, number, thickness, and connectivity density compared to gender-matched (+/+) littermates. Midshaft femoral cortical thickness also was decreased compared to the wild-type littermates. Thus, the gene encoding PRO284 polypeptides must be essential for normal bone development.

41.5. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA40981-1234 (UNQ292) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO331 polypeptides (designated as DNA40981-1234) (UNQ292) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)178725 or Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 6430556C10 gene (6430556C10Rik); protein reference: Q8BGH8 or ACCESSION: Q8BGH8 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Weakly similar to brain tumor associated protein NAG14; the human gene sequence reference: XM_(—)045271 or Homo sapiens KIAA1580 protein (KIAA1580); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9HCJ2 or ACCESSION:Q9HCJ2 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). KIAA1580 PROTEIN (FRAGMENT). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 6430556C10 gene, ortholog of human NGL-1 (netrin-G1 ligand). Aliases include NGL-1, mKIAA1580, netrin-G1 ligand, and KIAA1580.

NGL-1 is a type 1 plasma membrane protein expressed on striatal and cortical neurons that functions as a ligand for axon guidance co-receptor netrin-G1, a lipid anchored protein expressed on thalamocortical axons. NGL-1 consists of a signal peptide, leucine-rich repeats, an immunoglobulin-like domain, a transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic C terminus. NGL-1 interacts with netrin-G1 via its leucine-rich repeat. Moreover, the C-terminal cytoplasmic segment may interact with intracellular signal transduction proteins. NGL-1 plays a role in promoting the growth of thalamocortical axons to the striatum and cerebral cortex during development (Lin et al, Nat Neurosci; 6(12):1270-6 (2003)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 24 43 26 93 Expected 23.25 46.5 23.25 93 Chi−Sq.=0.61 Significance=0.73605 (hom/n)=0.28 Avg. Litter Size=9 Mutation Type: Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession AK048322.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except lung, skeletal muscle, and bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.5.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA40981-1234 (UNQ292)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human netrin-G1 ligand (NGL-1) resulted in an increased IL-6 and mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge. In addition, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decrease in learned helplessness. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following test was performed:

Acute Phase Response:

Test Description Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin, and as such is a potent inducer of an acute phase response and systemic inflammation. The Level I LPS mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a sublethal dose of LPS in 200 μL sterile saline using a 26 gauge needle. The doses were based on the average weight of the mice tested at 1 μg/g body weight 3 hours after injection; a 100 μl blood sample was then taken and analyzed for the presence of TNFa, MCP-1, and IL-6 on the FACSCalibur instrument.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 6/4/8

In summary, the LPS endotoxin challenge demonstrated that knockout mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO331 polypeptides exhibit immunological abnormalities when compared with their wild-type littermates. In particular, the mutant mice exhibited an increased ability to elicit an immunological response (TNF-alpha and IL-6 production) when challenged with the LPS endotoxin indicating a pronounced proinflammatory response. IL-6 contributes to the later stages of B cell activation. In addition, TL-6 plays a critical role in inducing the acute phase response and systemic inflammation. This suggests that antagonists (inhibitors) of PRO331 polypeptides would stimulate the immune system and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, PRO331 polypeptides or agonists thereof, would be useful in inhibiting the immune response and would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of graft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing.

Tail Suspension Testing:

The tail suspension test is a procedure that has been developed as a model for depressive-like behavior in rodents. In this particular setup, a mouse is suspended by its tail for 6 minutes, and in response the mouse will struggle to escape from this position. After a certain period of time the struggling of the mouse decreases and this is interpreted as a type of learned helplessness paradigm. Animals with invalid data (i.e. climbed their tail during the testing period) are excluded from analysis.

Results:

The (−/−) mice showed an increased response time during the tail suspension testing. These results are indicative of a decrease in learned helplessness. Thus, the mutant mice showed a phenotype relevant to depression.

41.6. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA44192-1246 (UNQ311) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO354 polypeptides (designated as DNA44192-1246) (UNQ311) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)172471 or Mus musculus inter-alpha (globulin) inhibitor H5 (Itih5); protein reference: Q80VG0 or ACCESSION:Q80VG0 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 5; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)030569 or Homo sapiens inter-alpha (globulin) inhibitor H5 (ITIH5); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q86UX2 or ACCESSION:Q86UX2 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 5.

The mouse gene of interest is Itih5 (inter-alpha (globulin) inhibitor H5), ortholog of human ITIH5. Aliases include E130106B02, 5430408M01Rik, and inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain precursor 5.

ITIH5 is a heavy chain subunit of a secreted protease inhibitor of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) family. The ITI holoprotein typically consists of a light chain and a variable set of heavy chains. ITIH5 consists of a signal peptide, a von Willebrand factor type A domain, and an ITI heavy chain C-terminus. Von Willebrand factor type A domains are typically found in extracellular proteins and mediate adhesion to extracellular matrix via metal-dependent adhesion sites (SMART accession SM00327). ITI heavy chain C-terminus domains are found in heavy chain subunits of ITIs. The heavy chain subunits do not have trypsin protease inhibitory activity per se. Rather, they interact with hyaluronic acid, promoting the stability of extracellular matrix (Salier et al, Biochem J; 315 (Pt 1):1-9 (1996)). Loss of ITIH5 may play a role in breast cancer development (Himmelfarb et al, Cancer Lett; 204(1):69-77 (2004)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 22 32 22 76 Expected 19 38 19 76 Chi−Sq.=1.89 Significance=0.38776 (hom/n)=0.29 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type: Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)172471.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.6.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA44192-1246 (UNQ311)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human inter-alpha (globulin) inhibitor H5 (1T1H5) resulted in an increased mean percentage of CD4 cells in the peripheral blood of (−/−) mice. Male (−/−) mice also exhibited testicular degeneration but there was no indication of male infertility. Female (−/−) mice showed significantly increased uric acid levels. Knockout mice also showed increased quantities of hemosiderin pigment in both the spleen and bone marrow. This gene is interesting from the standpoint that expression is consistently decreased in invasive mammary ductal carcinoma as determined by microarray analysis (data not shown). Testicular degeneration suggests a role in tumor development. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Pathology

Microscopic Observations: The 3 male (−/−) mice exhibited mild focal lesions characteristic of testicular degeneration. Of the 6 (−/−) mice available for analysis, 2 (−/−) mice (M−109 and F-134) exhibited increased quantities of hemosiderin pigment in both the spleen and bone marrow and an additional 2 (−/−) mice (F-74 and F-111) exhibited increased hemosiderin in the spleen only. One knockout mouse (M−113) exhibited multifocal acute and granulomatous inflammation.

Gene Expression: LacZ activity was not detected in the panel of tissues by immunohistochemical analysis.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 0/1/6

(c) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Flourescence-Activated Cell-Sorting (FACs) Analysis

Procedure:

FACS analysis of immune cell composition from peripheral blood was performed including CD4, CD8 and T cell receptor to evaluate T lymphocytes, CD19 for B lymphocytes, CD45 as a leukocyte marker and pan NK for natural killer cells. The FACS analysis was carried out on 2 wild type and 6 homozygous mice and included cells derived from thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph node.

In these studies, analyzed cells were isolated from thymus, peripheral blood, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Flow cytometry was designed to determine the relative proportions of CD4 and CD8 positive T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes in the mononuclear cell population. A Becton-Dickinson FACS Calibur 3-laser FACS machine was used to assess immune status. For Phenotypic Assays and Screening, this machine records CD4+/CD8−, CD8+/CD4−, NK, B cell and monocyte numbers in addition to the CD4+/CD8+ ratio.

The mononuclear cell profile was derived by staining a single sample of lysed peripheral blood from each mouse with a panel of six lineage-specific antibodies: CD45 PerCP, anti-TCRbAPC, CD4 PE, CD8 FITC, pan-NK PE, and CD19 FITC. The two FITC and PE labeled antibodies stain mutually exclusive cell types. The samples were analyzed using a Becton Dickinson FACS Calibur flow cytometer with CellQuest software.

Results:

FACS: The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean percentage of CD4 cells when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. Thus, knocking out the gene which encodes PRO354 polypeptides causes an increase in the T cell population. From these observations, PRO354 polypeptides or the gene encoding PRO354 appears to act as a negative regulator of T cell proliferation. Thus, PRO354 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be beneficial as a negative regulator of T cell proliferation in those instances wherein a pronounced T-cell proliferation is present such as occurs in autoimmune diseases (for example rheumatoid arthritis patients). In addition, PRO354 polypeptides would be especially useful in preventing skin graft rejections.

(d) Blood Chemistry

Test Description: Lexicon Genetics uses the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) in its clinical settings for finning blood chemistry tests on mice.

Results:

The female (−/−) mice showed a significant decrease in uric acid levels compared to wild-type littermates. No other indications of renal impairment were observed.

41.7. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA39518-1247 (UNQ312) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO355 polypeptides (designated as DNA39518-1247) (UNQ312) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)018770 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)018770 NID: gi 9055173 ref NM_(—)018770.1 Mus musculus immunoglobulin superfamily, member 4 (Igsf4); protein reference: Q9CRY3 or ACCESSION:Q9CRY3 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). 3100001108RIK PROTEIN (FRAGMENT). MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)014333 or ACCESSTON:NM_(—)014333 NID: gi 22095346 ref NM_(—)014333.2 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin superfamily, member 4 (IGSF4); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9BY67 or ACCESSION:Q9BY67 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). NECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN 2. HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is Igsf4 (immunoglobulin superfamily, member 4), ortholog of human IGSF4. Aliases include RA175A, RA175B, RA175C, RA175N, SgIGSF, SynCam, BL2, ST17, NECL2, TSLC1, SYNCAM, nectin-like protein 2, 2900073G06Rik; 3100001I08Rik, immunosuperfamily protein B12, and tumor suppressor in lung cancer 1.

IGSF4 is a membrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that is localized at cell-cell boundaries in lung epithelial cells (Ito et al, Cancer Res; 63(19):6320-6 (2003)). IGSF4 participates in cell adhesion and acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Fukahara et al, Oncogene; 22(40):6160-5 (2003); Watabe et al, Histol Histopathol; 18(4):1321-9 (2003)). The cytoplasmic region of IGSF4 contains protein motifs thought critical to its tumor suppressor activity (Mao et al, Cancer Res; 63(22):7979-85 (2003)). IGSF4 associates with MPP3, a human homologue of Drosophila tumor suppressor Discs large (Dig), possibly IGSF4 and MMP3 are involved in identical cell-cell interactions, disruption of which may lead to malignancy (Fukuhara et al, Oncogene; 23(2):629 (2004), Fukuhara et al, Oncogene; 22(40):6160-5 (2003)).

wt het hom Total Observed 22 41 15 78 Expected 19.5 39 19.5 78 Chi−Sq.=1.46 Significance=0.48154 (hom/n)=0.19 Avg. Litter Size=8

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred between coding exons 1 and 2 (Accession: AF434663). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was absent in heart and reduced in brain in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (M−179).

41.7.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA39518-1247 (UNQ312)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human immunoglobulin superfamily, member 4 (IGSF4) resulted in an increased exploratory response in (−/−) mice. The (−/−) mice also exhibited an increased TNF-alpha response to LPS challenge. The mutant (−/−) mice also showed signs of growth retardation and abnormal bone measurements. The male (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean serum triglyceride level. Transcript was absent in heart and reduced in brain as determined by RT-PCR.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Acute Phase Response:

Test Description Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin, and as such is a potent inducer of an acute phase response and systemic inflammation. The Level I LPS mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a sublethal dose of LPS in 200 μL sterile saline using a 26 gauge needle. The doses were based on the average weight of the mice tested at 1 μg/g body weight 3 hours after injection; a 100 ul blood sample was then taken and analyzed for the presence of TNFa, MCP-1, and IL-6 on the FACS Calibur instrument.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 8/4/8

In summary, the LPS endotoxin challenge demonstrated that knockout mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO355 polypeptides exhibit immunological abnormalities when compared with their wild-type littermates. In particular, the mutant mice exhibited an increased ability to elicit an immunological response (TNF-alpha production) when challenged with the LPS endotoxin indicating a pronounced proinflammatory response. This suggests that antagonists (inhibitors) of PRO355 polypeptides would stimulate the immune system and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, PRO355 polypeptides or agonists thereof, would be useful in inhibiting the immune response and would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of graft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especi ally the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 5/4/8

Results:

A notable difference was observed during open field activity testing. The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased sum total distance traveled and rearing activity when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates, which is indicative of an increased exploratory response to a novel environment in the mutants. Thus, knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with hyperactivity. Thus, PRO355 polypeptides and agonists thereof would be useful for the treatment or amelioration of the symptoms associated with hyperactivity.

Inverted Screen Testing:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Inverted Screen Test Data:

The Inverted Screen is used to measure motor strength/coordination. Untrained mice were placed individually on top of a square (7.5 cm×7.5 cm) wire screen which was mounted horizontally on a metal rod. The rod was then rotated 180 degrees so that the mice were on the bottom of the screens. The following behavioral responses were recorded over a 1 min testing session: fell off, did not climb, and climbed up.

Climbed up Genotype Ratio Fell Down % Ratio % +/+ (n = 4) 0/4 0 3/4 75 +/− (n = 4) 0/4 0 2/4 50 −/− (n = 8) 8/8 100 0/8 0 * coding indicates a notable difference. A motor strength deficit is apparent when there is a 50% point difference between (−/−) or (+/−) mice and (+/+) mice for the fell down response. 0/8 or 1/8 (−/−) or (+/−) mice not climbing indicates impaired motor coordination. 7/8 or 8/8(−/−) or (+/−) mice climbing up indicates enhanced motor coordination.

Results:

The Inverted Screen Test is designed to measure basic sensory & motor observations: A notable difference was observed during inverted screen testing when all 8 (−/−) mice fell off the screen, whereas 0/4 (+/+) mice fell off. However, the hyperactivity observed in these mutants should be considered when interpreting motor coordination results.

(d) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

-   -   (1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean body weight and decreased mean body length when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The organ weights were also decreased which is consistent with decreased mean body weight and length measurements. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 17/38/14

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of hone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone micro CT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean lean body mass, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density in total body and vertebrae when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The bone mineral content index (BMC/LBM) for the mutants was also decreased, the difference being more notable in the males.

Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean vertebral trabecular hone volume, number and connectivity density and decreased mean femoral midshaft cross-sectional area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/7

Summary

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with significant bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures or to osteo-related diseases. Thus, it appears that PRO355 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO355 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be important in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists (inhibitors) to PRO355 polypeptides would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal hone metabolism including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia. In addition, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited notably decreased lean body mass when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggestive of growth retardation in these mutants. This in conjunction with the observations of decreased body weight and length (and decreased organ weights) suggest a tissue wasting condition such as cachexia or other growth disorder. Thus, PRO355 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders such as cachexia and/or other tissue wasting diseases.

(e) Phenotypic Analysis: Cardiology

In the area of cardiovascular biology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, dyslipidemias such as high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and elevated serum triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), diabetes and/or obesity. The phenotypic tests included the measurement of serum cholesterol and triglycerides.

Blood Lipids

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. High cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride blood levels are recognized risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Measuring blood lipids facilitates the finding of biological switches that regulate blood lipid levels. Inhibition of factors which elevate blood lipid levels may be useful for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In these blood chemistry tests, cholesterol measurements were recorded using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche).

Results: As summarized above, the (−/−) mice exhibited notably increased triglyceride levels when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Thus, mutant mice deficient in the PRO355 gene can serve as a model for cardiovascular disease. PRO355 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in regulating blood lipids such as triglycerides. Thus, PRO355 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of such cardiovascular diseases as hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary diseases, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes and/or obesity.

41.8. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA49435-1219 (UNQ334) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO533 polypeptides (designated as DNA49435-1219) (UNQ334) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)008003 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)008003 NID:6679776 Mus musculus Mus musculus fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15); protein reference: O35622 or ACCESSION:O35622 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-15 PRECURSOR (FGF-15). MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)005117 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)005117 NID:15011922 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: O95750 or ACCESSION:O95750 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-19 PRECURSOR (FGF-19). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is Fgf15 (fibroblast growth factor 15), ortholog of human FGF19 (fibroblast growth factor 19).

FGF19, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, is a secreted protein that functions as a ligand for fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) (Xie et al, Cytokine; 11(10):729-35 (1999); Harmer et al, Biochemistry; 43(3):629-40 (2004)). FGF19 is expressed strongly in fetal brain and is likely to be involved in development of the brain and the inner ear (Nishimura et al, Biochim Biophys Acta; 1444(1):148-51 (1999); Ladher et al, Science; 290(5498):1965-7 (2000)). FGF19 suppresses expression of liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the first and rate-limiting step in bile acid biosynthesis, and consequently regulates liver cholesterol catabolism and elimination (Holt et al, Genes Dcv; 17(13):1581-91 (2003)).

Transgenic mice expressing FGF19 display increased energy expenditure and brown fat mass but decreased overall fat mass, liver triglycerides, and liver acetyl CoA carboxylase 2, suggesting that FGF19 plays a role in energy metabolism (Tomlinson et al, Endocrinology; 143 (5):1741-7 (2002)). However, ectopic expression of FGF19 in transgenic mice results in development of liver tumors, suggesting that FGF19 may play a role in hepatocellular carcinomas (Nicholes et al, Am J Pathol; 160(6):2295-307 (2002)).

Wright and coworkers (Dev Biol; 269(1):264-75 (2004)) investigated the role of mouse Fgf15 in inner ear development using Fgf15-deficient mice. They found that although mouse Fgf15 or human FGF 19 are sufficient to induce expression of otic markers in a chick explant assay, mouse embryos lacking Fgf15 do not have otic abnormalities. They concluded that mouse Fgf15 is the ortholog of human FGF 19 but is not uniquely required for otic induction or patterning in mice.

Fu and coworkers (Endocrinology 145(6):2594-603 (2004) reported that FGF 19 increases metabolic rate and reverses dietary and leptin-deficient diabetes.

wt het hom Total Observed 23 44 10 77 Expected 19.25 38.5 19.25 77 Chi−Sq.=5.96 Significance=0.05077 (hom/n)=0.13 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 1 and 2 were targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)008003.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in brain; spinal cord; cyc; thymus; kidney; and stomach, small intestine, and colon among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.8.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA49435-1219 (UNQ334)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) resulted in growth retardation and decreased bone measurements in (−/−) mice. The (−/−) mice also exhibited a decreased serum IgG2a response to ovalbumin challenge. In addition, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum insulin level. Decreased viability was also present in the homozygous (−/−) mice (10 observed when 19.25 were expected). By genotyping (at post-natal day 10-12) half the homozygotes were dead. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 4 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean body weight and decreased mean body length when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means the difference being more notable in male (−/−) mice.

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 4 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 4 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean total tissue mass and lean body mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. However, wild-type total tissue mass and lean body mass were higher than the historical control. The male mutant mice also exhibited decreased mean bone mineral content and bone mineral density related measurements. In addition, the female knockouts (−/−) showed lower femur bone mineral density, although the wild-type was higher than the historical control.

Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number, thickness, and connectivity density and decreased mean femoral mid-shaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. These changes may be due to the reduced body size of the male (−/−) mice.

Summary

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures, indicative of osteo-related diseases. Thus, it appears that PRO533 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO533 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be important in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO533 polypeptides would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia. In addition, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited notably decreased total tissue mass and lean body mass when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggestive of growth retardation in these mutants. This in conjunction with the observations of decreased body weight and length suggest a tissue wasting condition such as cachexia or other growth disorder. Thus, PRO533 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders such as cachexia and/or other tissue wasting diseases. Phenotypic analysis also indicated reduced viability of homozygotes. By the time of genotyping (at post-natal day 10-12) half the homozygotes were dead.

(c) Blood Chemistry

Blood chemistry analysis was performed using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) in its clinical settings for running blood chemistry tests on mice.

Insulin Data:

Test Description: Lexicon Genetics uses the Cobra II Series Auto-Gamma Counting System in its clinical settings for running quantitative Insulin assays on mice.

Results:

The male (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum insulin level when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

Summary:

Mutant (−/−) mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO533 polypeptides show a phenotype consistent with growth retardation, reduced viability and tissue wasting diseases. Insulin levels are abnormally low which can be indicative of diabetes. Thus, antagonists or inhibitors of PRO533 polypeptides or its encoding gene would mimic these metabolic and growth related effects. On the other hand, PRO533 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of such metabolic disorders as diabetes or other tissue wasting diseases.

(d) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological ex amination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John L. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following test was performed:

Ovalbumin Challenge

Procedure: This assay was carried out on wild types and homozygotes. Chicken ovalbumin (OVA) is a T-cell dependent antigen, which is commonly used as a model protein for studying antigen-specific immune responses in mice. OVA is non-toxic and inert and therefore will not cause harm to the animals even if no immune response is induced. The murine immune response to OVA has been well characterized, to the extent that the immunodominant peptides for eliciting T cell responses have been identified. Anti-OVA antibodies are detectable 8 to 10 days after immunization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA), and determination of different isotypes of antibodies gives further information on the complex processes that may lead to a deficient response in genetically engineered mice.

As noted above, this protocol assesses the ability of mice to raise an antigen-specific immune response. Animals were injected IP with 50 mg of chicken ovalbumin emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant and 14 days later the serum titer of anti-ovalbumin antibodies (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses) was measured. The amount of OVA-specific antibody in the serum sample is proportional to the Optical Density (OD) value generated by an instrument that scans a 96-well sample plate. Data was collected for a set of serial dilutions of each scrum sample.

Results of this Challenge:

The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum IgG2a response to ovalbumin challenge when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Thus, these knockout mice exhibited a decreased ability to elicit an OVA—specific antibody response to the T-cell dependent OVA antigen.

In summary, the ovalbumin challenge studies indicate that knockout mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO533 polypeptides exhibit immunological abnormalities when compared with their wild-type littermates. In particular, the mutant mice exhibited a decreased ability to elicit an immunological response when challenged with the T-cell dependent OVA antigen. Thus, PRO533 polypeptides or agonists thereof, would be useful for stimulating the immune system (such as T cell proliferation) and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, inhibitors (antagonists) of PRO533 polypeptides would be useful for inhibiting the immune response and thus would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of graft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

41.9. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA45417-1432 (UNQ342) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO541 polypeptides (designated as DNA45417-1432) (UNQ342) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)031402 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)031402 NID:13878236 Mus musculus Mus musculus Cocoacrisp (Cocoacrisp-pending); protein reference: Q99MM6 or ACCESSION:Q99MM6 NID: 35 Mus musculus (Mouse). COCOACRISP. MOUSE SPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)031461 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)031461 NID:21314740 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens CocoaCrisp (LOC83690); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q91133 or ACCESSION:Q911336 NID: Homo sapiens (Human) PUTATIVE SECRETORY PROTEIN PRECURSOR(COCOACRISP). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is Cocoacrisp (Cocoacrisp protein), ortholog of human CocoaCrisp.

CocoaCrisp is a hypothetical secreted protein, consisting of a signal peptide, an SCP-like extracellular protein domain, and an LCCL domain. The SCP-like extracellular protein domain is found in a wide variety of eukaryotic extracellular proteins, such as sperm-coating glycoprotein, which is thought to be involved in sperm maturation, and venom allergens from insects (Pfam accession PF00188). The LCCL domain is likely to be involved in lipopolysaccharide binding as well as other functions, such as cell signaling (Pfam accession PF03815).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 12 41 15 68 Expected 17 34 17 68 Chi−Sq.=3.15 Significance=0.20731 (hom/n)=0.22 Avg. Litter Size=7 Mutation Type: Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession BC040768.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.9.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA45417-1432 (UNQ342)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human CocoaCrisp resulted in a growth retardation and abnormal bone measurements in the mutant (−/−) mice. In addition, the (−/−) mice exhibited an increased skin fibroblast proliferation. Microarray analysis shows UNQ342 to be up-regulated in breast tumors and prostate cancers. UNQ342 has a region of high similarity to protease inhibitor 15 (human PI15), which is a trypsin inhibitor that helps to regulate extracellular proteolysis aiding tumor invasion. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM). The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean body weight and decreased mean body length when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 15/39/21

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Results:

DEXA: The (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean total tissue mass and lean body mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. These mutant mice also exhibited decreased mean bone mineral content compared with their gender-matched littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures or osteo-related diseases. Thus, it appears that PRO541 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO541 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be important in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO544 polypeptides would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia. In addition, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited decreased total tissue mass and lean body mass when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggestive of growth retardation in these mutants. This in conjunction with the observations of decreased body weight and length suggest a tissue wasting condition such as cachexia or other growth disorder. Thus, PRO541 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders such as cachexia and/or other tissue wasting diseases.

(c) Adult Skin Cell Proliferation:

Procedure: Skin cells were isolated from 16 week old animals (2 wild type and 4 homozygotes). These were developed into primary fibroblast cultures and the fibroblast proliferation rates were measured in a strictly controlled protocol. The ability of this assay to detect hyper-proliferative and hypo-proliferative phenotypes has been demonstrated with p53 and Ku80. Proliferation was measured using Brdu incorporation.

Specifically, in these studies the skin fibroblast proliferation assay was used. An increase in the number of cells in a standardized culture was used as a measure of relative proliferative capacity. Primary fibroblasts were established from skin biopsies taken from wild type and mutant mice. Duplicate or triplicate cultures of 0.05 million cells were plated and allowed to grow for six days. At the end of the culture period, the number of cells present in the culture was determined using a electronic particle counter.

Results: The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased skin fibroblast proliferation rate when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. [Analyzed wt/het/hom: 2/0/4]

Thus, homozygous mutant mice demonstrated a hyper-proliferative phenotype. As suggested by these observations, PRO541 polypeptides or agonists thereof could function as tumor suppressors and would be useful in decreasing abnormal cell proliferation.

41.10. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA52758-1399 (UNQ390) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO725 polypeptides (designated as DNA52758-1399) (UNQ390) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)009136 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)009136 NID: gi 6677876 ref NM_(—)009136.1 Mus musculus scrapie responsive gene 1 (Scrg1); protein reference: 088745 or ACCESSION:O88745 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). SCRAPIE-RESPONSIVE PROTEIN 1 PRECURSOR (SCRG-1). MOUSE SPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)007281 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)007281 NID: gi 6005869 ref NM_(—)007281.1 Homo sapiens scrapie responsive protein 1 (SCRG1); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: O75711 or ACCESSION:O75711 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). SCRAPIE-RESPONSIVE PROTEIN 1 PRECURSOR(SCRG-1). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is Scrg1(scrapie responsive gene 1), ortholog of human SCRG1. Aliases include SCRG-1.

SCRG1 is a putative secreted protein expressed primarily in the central nervous system. The 98-amino-acid protein consists of a signal peptide, a characteristic cysteine distribution pattern, and a 35-amino-acid segment that is highly conserved between mouse, rat, and human species. SCRG1 expression occurs in glial cells and neurons (Dandoy-Dron et al, J Biol Chem; 273(13):7691-7 (1998); Dron et al, J Biol Chem; 273(29):18015-8 (1998); Dron et al, Genomics; 70(1):140-9 (2000)). Moreover, SCRG1 appears to be associated with dense-core vesicles in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that SCRG1 is associated with the secretory pathway of neuronal cells (Dandoy-Dron et al, Eur J Neurosci; 18(9):2449-59 (2003)).

SCRG1 may play a role in glial cell activation in response to brain injury or infectious agents. Moreover, SCRG1 has been proposed to be involved in prolonged and widespread glial cell activation in response to transmissible progressive neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, German-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, Kuru, scrapie, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Because prolonged and widespread glial cell activation is likely to be detrimental to brain function, SCRG1 may play a role in the neuro-degenerative process (Dandoy-Dron et al, J Biol Chem; 273(13):7691-7 (1998); Dron et al, J Biol Chem; 273(29):18015-8 (1998)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 21 38 23 82 Expected 20.5 41 20.5 82 Chi−Sq.=0.54 Significance=0.76468 (hom/n)=0.28 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type: Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)009136.2). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.10.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA52758-1399 (UNQ)390)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human scrapie responsive protein 1 (SCRG1) resulted in an increased mean percent total body fat and total fat mass. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics: Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

DEXA Results: The female mutant (−/−) mice exhibited increased mean percent total body fat and total fat mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. This phenotype is associated with obesity or metabolic disorders marked by dyslipidemia. Thus, antagonists (or inhibitors) of PRO725 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be expected to mimic this negative phenotype. On the other hand, PRO725 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of these metabolic disorders.

41.11. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA56436-1448 (UNQ474) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO937 polypeptides (designated as DNA56436-1448) (UNQ474) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)008150 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)008150 NID:na Mus musculus Mus musculus glypican 4 (Gpc4); protein reference: P51655 or GPC4_MOUSE P51655 GLYPICAN-4 PRECURSOR K-GLYPTCAN; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)001448 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)001448 NID:na Homo sapiens Homo sapiens glypican 4 (GPC4); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: 075487 or GPC4_HUMAN O75487 GLYPICAN-4 PRECURSOR K-GLYPICAN.

The mouse gene of interest is Gpc4 (glypican 4), ortholog of human GPC4. Aliases include K-glypican.

GPC4 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored extracellular heparan sulfate proteoglycan that binds and modulates polycationic hormones, such as fibroblast growth factor and endostatin (Fransson, Int J Biochem Cell Biol; 35(2):125-9 (2003); Galli et al, Development; 130(20):4919-29 (2003); Karumanchi et al, Mol Cell; 7(4): 811-22 (2001)). GPC4 is likely to participate in brain development, kidney development, and bone remodeling (Watanabe et al, J Cell Biol; 130(5): 1207-18 (1995); Karumanchi et al, Mol Cell; 7(4):811-22 (2001); Galli et al, Development; 130(20):4919-29 (2003); Sheu et al, J Bone Miner Res; 17(5):915-22 (2002).

Deletions in the glypican 3 (GPC3) and GPC4 genes on chromosome X are likely to explain the variability in phenotype of Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, which is characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth, visceral and skeletal abnormalities, and embryonal tumor development (Veugelers et al, Genomics; 53(1):1-11 (1998); Huber et al, Gene; 225(1-2):9-16 (1998)).

This project is X-linked:

Summary of X-linked Gene Distribution by Sex and Genotype

(Only the agouti pups from the male chimeras are included.)

Summary of X-linked Gene Distributions for Sex by Genotype Progeny Agouti F1 (M chimera × wt) Progeny F1a (F het × wt) Sex wt het Sex wt het hemi M 4 0 M 20 n/a 19 F 0 19 F 22 22 n/a

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 22 20 41 83 Expected 20.75 41.5 20.75 83 Chi−Sq.=30.98 Significance=0.00000 (hom/n)=0.49 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 3 was targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)008150.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in cyc; spleen; kidney; liver; stomach, small intestine, and colon; heart; and adipose among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.11.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA56436-1448 (UNQ474)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human glypican 4 (GPC4) resulted in anemia in male (0/−) mice. This mutation is in an X-linked gene. Both male and female wild-type mice were analyzed, whereas only male hemizygous mutant mice were analyzed. The male hemizygous (wild-type) and hemizygous mutant mice are designated as (0/+) and (0/−), respectively.

The male hemizygous mutant mice exhibited signs of anemia when compared with their gender-matched wild-type littermates and the historical means. In addition, the (−/−) mice showed a decreased in IgG2a response to ovalbumin challenge. UNQ474 is specifically upregulated on T7 monocytes only (data not shown). The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum glucose level however, there was normal growth and insulin and glucose tolerance testing was normal. In addition, the hemizygous (0/−) mutant mice exhibited a decreased mean percent of total body fat and abnormal bone related measurements. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflamatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following test was performed:

Hematology Analysis:

Test Description Blood tests are carried out by Abbott's Cell-Dyn 3500R, an automated hematology analyzer. Some of its features include a five-part WBC differential. ‘Patient’ reports can cover over 22 parameters in all.

Results:

The male (0/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean red blood cell count and decreased mean hemoglobin and hematocrit levels when compared with their gender-matched wild-type (0/+) littermates and the historical means.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 6/4/12

These results are related to a phenotype associated with anemia. Thus, PRO937 polypeptides, agonists thereof or the encoding gene for PRO937 polypeptides must be essential for normal red blood cell production and as such would be useful in the treatment of blood disorders associated with anemia or a low hematocrit.

Ovalbumin Challenge

Procedure: This assay was carried out on 7 wild types and 8 homozygotes. Chicken ovalbumin (OVA) is a T-cell dependent antigen, which is commonly used as a model protein for studying antigen-specific immune responses in mice. OVA is non-toxic and inert and therefore will not cause harm to the animals even if no immune response is induced. The murine immune response to OVA has been well characterized, to the extent that the immunodominant peptides for eliciting T cell responses have been identified. Anti-OVA antibodies are detectable 8 to 10 days after immunization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA), and determination of different isotypes of antibodies gives further information on the complex processes that may lead to a deficient response in genetically engineered mice.

As noted above, this protocol assesses the ability of mice to raise an antigen-specific immune response. Animals were injected IP with 50 mg of chicken ovalbumin emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant and 14 days later the serum titer of anti-ovalbumin antibodies (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses) was measured. The amount of OVA-specific antibody in the scrum sample is proportional to the Optical Density (OD) value generated by an instrument that scans a 96-well sample plate. Data was collected for a set of serial dilutions of each serum sample.

Results of this challenge: The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum IgG2a response to the ovalbumin challenge when compared with their (+/+) littermates. Thus, these knockout mice exhibited a decreased ability to elicit an OVA—specific antibody response to the T-cell dependent OVA antigen.

In summary, the ovalbumin challenge studies indicate that knockout mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO937 polypeptides exhibit immunological abnormalities when compared with their wild-type littermates. The mutant mice exhibited a decreased ability to elicit an immunological response when challenged with the T-cell dependent OVA antigen. This suggests that PRO937 polypeptides or their agonists would be important agents which could stimulate the immune system (such as T cell proliferation) and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, inhibitors (antagonists) of PRO937 polypeptides would be useful in inhibiting the immune response and would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of graft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

(c) Bone Metabolism &Body Diagnostics: Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in hone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone micro CT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: The male (0/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean percent total body fat when compared with their gender-matched (0/+) littermates and the historical mean. Micro-CT: The male (0/−) mice exhibited an increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and a decreased mean femoral midshaft cross-sectional area when compared with their gender-matched (0/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

These results suggest that the hemizygotes exhibit a negative phenotype which is associated with abnormal bone measurements or osteo-related diseases. The decrease in total body fat is suggestive of a tissue wasting condition or phenotype.

(d) Phenotypic Analysis: Metabolism-Blood Chemistry

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for running blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited a decrease in mean serum glucose when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. However, the mutant mice (−/−) showed normal weight gain, growth, insulin and glucose tolerance.

41.12. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA56409-1377 (UNQ497) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1014 polypeptides (designated as DNA56409-1377) (UNQ497) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)198030 or Mus musculus expressed sequence AI047820 (AI047820); protein reference: Q8VCR2 or ACCESSION:Q8VCR2NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Similar to hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 11; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)178135 or Homo sapiens short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 9 (SCDR9); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q7Z5P4 or ACCESSION:Q7Z5P4 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 9.

The mouse gene of interest is AI047820 (expressed sequence AI047820), ortholog of human SCDR9 (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 9). Aliases include PAN1B-like and alcohol dehydrogenase PAN1B-like. SCDR9 is a hypothetical oxidoreductase that catalyzes the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of short chain alcohols. The protein contains a signal peptide and a short-chain dehydrogenase domain, which consists of an NAD(P)H-binding segment and an alcohol co-substrate binding segment (Pfam accession PF00106). The cell location of SCDR9 is ambiguous; bioinformatic analyses suggest that SCDR9 is located in the endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane.

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 15 48 12 75 Expected 18.75 37.5 18.75 75 Chi−Sq.=6.12 Significance=0.04689 (hom/n)=0.16 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type: Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 1 and 2 were targeted (NCBI accession BC019427.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle and bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.12.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA56409-1377 (UNQ)497)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 9 (SCDR9) resulted in the observation that male mutant (−/−) mice showed an increased trabecular number and connectivity density and a decreased midshaft femoral cross-sectional area. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics: Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular hone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total hone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

The male mutant (−/−) mice exhibited an increased trabecular number and connectivity density compared to wild-type littermates. In addition, midshaft femoral total area seemed to be decreased relative to wild-type littermates. These results indicate that the knockout mutant phenotype may be associated with such bone abnormalities as osteopetrosis. Osteopetrosis is a condition characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of bone and abnormal fragility of the bones. As such, PRO1014 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be beneficial for the treatment of osteopetrosis. A phenotype associated with an increased trabecular number and connectivity density suggests that agents which mimic these effects (e.g. antagonists of PRO1014 polypeptides) would play a role in bone healing.

41.13. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA48606-1479 (UNQ559) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1120 polypeptides (designated as DNA48606-1479) (UNQ559) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: BC062900 or Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 2010004N24 gene, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:86096 IMAGE:6810085); protein reference: Q8CFG0 or ACCESSION:Q8CFG0 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Extracellular sulfatase Sulf-2 precursor (EC 3.1.6.-) (MSulf-2). MOUSE SPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)018837 or similar to glucosamine-6-sulfatases (SULF2); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q8IWU5 or ACCESSION:Q8TWU5 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Extracellular sulfatase Sulf-2 precursor (EC 3.1.6.-) (HSulf-2). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is Sulf2 (sulfatase 2), ortholog of human SULF2. Aliases include mKIAA1247, 2010004N24Rik, HSULF-2, KIAA1247, and extracellular sulfatase SULF-2.

SULF2 is an extracellular endosulfatase with high selectivity for glucosamine 6-sulfate in the appropriate context within heparin (Morimoto-Tomita et al, J Biol Chem; 277(51):49175-85 (2002)). The enzyme precursor is predicted to be a protein of about 890 amino acids, consisting of overlapping signal peptide and transmembrane segments and a sulfatase domain (Pfam accession number PF00884). SULF2 is endoproteolytically processed and secreted. SULF2 may modulate heparan sulfate proteoglycan interactions in processes such as cell adhesion, basement membrane and extracellular matrix barrier function, cell growth, and cell differentiation (Morimoto-Tomita et al, J Biol Chem; 277(51):49175-85 (2002).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 17 36 16 69 Expected 17.25 34.5 17.25 69 Chi−Sq.=0.16 Significance=0.92338 (hom/n)=0.23 Avg. Litter Size=7

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 2 and 3 (NCBI accession AK034712.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle and bone. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was absent in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (M−166). Disruption of the target gene was conformed by Inverse PCR.

41.13.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA48606-1479 (UNQ559)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human sulfatase 2 (SULF2) resulted in an increased anxiety-related response in male (−/−) mice. In addition, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited decreased tissue mass and decreased body weight as well as decreased bone related measurements. The female knockouts (−/−) showed a significant decrease in triglyceride levels yet the cholesterol levels showed an increasing trend. Transcript was absent by RT-PCR.

(b) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on hone mass and architecture. Multiple hones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: The female (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean total tissue mass and lean body mass and bone mineral content when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The male mutant (−/−) mice also exhibited a decreased lean body mass when compared with their gender-matched littermates and the historical means.

Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean femoral mid-shaft cross-sectional area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures or other osteo-related diseases. Thus, it appears that PRO1120 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining hone homeostasis. In addition, PRO1120 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO1120 polypeptides would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia. In addition, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited notably decreased total tissue mass and lean body mass when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggestive of growth retardation in these mutants. Male (−/−) mice also showed decreased weights compared to the historical means. This suggests a tissue wasting condition such as cachexia or other growth disorder. Thus, PRO1120 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders such as cachexia and/or other tissue wasting diseases.

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: Cardiology

In the area of cardiovascular biology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, dyslipidemias such as high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and elevated serum triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), cancer and/or obesity.

The phenotypic tests included the measurement of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. In addition, inflammation assays were performed to identify potential targets for the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis.

Blood Lipids

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. High cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride blood levels are recognized risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Measuring blood lipids facilitates the finding of biological switches that regulate blood lipid levels Inhibition of factors which elevate blood lipid levels may be useful for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In these blood chemistry tests, cholesterol measurements were recorded using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche).

Results: As summarized above, the female (−/−) mice exhibited a significant decrease in triglyceride levels (p=0.04488) and a trend in increasing cholesterol levels (p=0.05857) when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Thus, mutant mice deficient in the PRO1120 gene can serve as a model for studying metabolic disorders. PRO1120 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in regulating blood lipids.

(d) Phenotypic Analysis: CATS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the scratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning. First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 5/4/8

Results:

A notable difference was observed during open field activity testing. The male mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased median sum time in the center area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates. This type of behavior is consistent with an increased anxiety like response. Knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with anxiety related disorders which are associated with mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety due to a general medical condition, and/or bipolar disorders; hyperactivity; sensory disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia or a paranoid personality. Thus, PRO1120 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of such neurological disorders or the amelioration of the symptoms associated with anxiety disorders.

41.14. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA59848-1512 (UNQ596) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1182 polypeptides (designated as DNA59848-1512) (UNQ596) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: AK003121 or ACCESSION: AK003121 NID:12833583 Mus musculus Mus musculus adult male heart cDNA, RIKEN full-length enriched library, clone:1010001H16:homolog to COLLECTIN 34, full insert sequence; protein reference: Q9DC75 or ACCESSION:Q9DC75 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). 1010001H16RIK PROTEIN. MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)024027 or Homo sapiens collectin sub-family member 11 (COLEC11), transcript variant 1; the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9BWP8 or ACCESSTON:Q9BWP8 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Hypothetical protein.

The mouse gene of interest is Colec11 (collectin sub-family member 11), ortholog of human COLEC11. Aliases include 1010001H16Rik and MGC3279.

COLEC11 is a putative secreted protein of the collectin family that likely functions as a binding protein. COLEC11 consists of a signal peptide, a collagen triple helix repeat (Pfam accession PF01391), and a lectin C-type domain (Pfam accession PF00059). Collectins, which display the general domain organization of COLEC11, play an important role in innate immunity. They recognize and bind with microorganisms, enhancing adhesion and phagocytosis of microorganisms by agglutination and opsonization. Collectins also function as components offing surfactant or protect against respiratory infections (Hickling et al, J Leukoc Biol; 75(1):27-33 (2004)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 24 31 24 79 Expected 19.75 39.5 19.75 79 Chi−Sq.=3.66 Significance=0.16056 (hom/n)=0.30 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type: Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession AK003121.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in brain, spleen, kidney, liver, heart, and adipose among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.14.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA59848-1512 (UNQ596)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human collectin sub-family member 11 (COLEC11) resulted in growth retardation in mutant (−/−) mice. Abnormal bone-related measurements were also exhibited by the (−/−) mice. The (−/−) mice also exhibited decreased serum triglycerides and increased serum glucose—associated with decreased growth/weight gain. Both male and female (−/−) mice showed a decreased heart rate (<2 standard deviation) compared to the historical means. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROT, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean body weight, length and growth when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

Heart Rate:

The male and female mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a significant decrease (<2 standard deviations) in mean heart rate when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of hone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean total tissue mass, lean body mass, fat (%) and fat (gram) when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. However, the (+/+) mice had weights which were higher than the historical means. In addition to these noted changes, the male mutant (−/−) mice also exhibited decreased bone mineral density and related measurements. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8 Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean femoral mid-shaft cross-sectional area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal hone metabolism with significant bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, it appears that PRO1182 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO1182 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO1182 polypeptides or its encoding gene would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia.

In summary, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited a notable decrease in body weight, decrease in total tissue mass, lean body mass and decreased bone mineral content and density suggestive of growth retardation in these mutants. Thus, PRO1182 polypeptides or agonists thereof must be essential for normal growth and/or growth metabolism and therefore would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders, cachexia or other tissue wasting diseases.

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: Cardiology

In the area of cardiovascular biology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, dyslipidemias such as high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and elevated serum triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), diabetes and/or obesity. The phenotypic tests included the measurement of serum cholesterol and triglycerides.

Blood Lipids

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. High cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride blood levels are recognized risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Measuring blood lipids facilitates the finding of biological switches that regulate blood lipid levels Inhibition of factors which elevate blood lipid levels may be useful for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In these blood chemistry tests, measurements were recorded using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche).

Results:

The male mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum triglyceride level and an increased mean serum glucose level (although normal insulin levels and glucose tolerance testing) when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. In summary, these knockout mutant mice exhibited a lipid related phenotype consistent with the observed decreased weight, growth and length measurements.

41.15. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA66659-1593 (UNQ685) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1325 polypeptides (designated as DNA66659-1593) (UNQ685) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)±72257 or ACCESSTON:NM_(—)172257 NID: gi 26986550 ref NM_(—)172257.1 Mus musculus hypothetical protein LOC214597 (LOC214597); protein reference: Q922R2 or ACCESSION:Q922R2NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Similar to hypothetical protein FLJ20174 (Fragment). MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)015996 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)015996 NID: gi 7705756 ref NM_(—)015996.1 Homo sapiens CGI-40 protein (CGI-40); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9Y357 or ACCESSION:Q9Y357 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). CGI-40 protein. HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is BC023957 (cDNA sequence BC023957), ortholog of human CGI-40 (CGI-40 protein). Aliases include MGC36407, MGC58967, B9300960O19.

CGI-40 is a hypothetical multispan transmembrane protein located in the plasma membrane. It consists of a signal peptide, a relatively large extracellular domain, and nine transmembrane domains. The molecular function of CGI-40 is not known; however, it is structurally similar to C. elegans sid-1 (systemic RNA Interference Defective SID-1, putative transmembrane protein, systemic RNAi enabling [87.9 kD] [sid-1]) (Lai et al, Genome Res; 10(5):703-13 (2000)). Sid-1 transports double-stranded RNA into cells, enabling systemic RNA interference-mediated gene silencing in C. elegans (Winston et al, Science; 295(5564):2456-9 (2002); Feinberg and Hunter, Science; 301(5639):1545-7 (2003)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level T phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 24 35 26 85 Expected 21.25 42.5 21.25 85 Chi−Sq.=2.74 Significance=0.25396 (hom/n)=0.31 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 1 and 2 were targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)172257.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected only in spinal cord and eye among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.15.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA66659-1593 (UNQ685)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human CGI-40 protein (CGI-40) resulted in multifocal degenerative myopathy and alterations in pancreatic acinar cells in (−/−) mice. The mutant (−/−) mice also exhibited decreased mean total tissue mass, lean body mass and fat mass (%&g) as well as decreased bone-related measurements. The (−/−) mice also exhibited a decreased serum IgG1 response to ovalbumin challenge and an increased mean platelet count. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Ovalbumin Challenge

Procedure: This assay was carried out on 7 wild types and 8 homozygotes. Chicken ovalbumin (OVA) is a T-cell dependent antigen, which is commonly used as a model protein for studying antigen-specific immune responses in mice. OVA is non-toxic and inert and therefore will not cause harm to the animals even if no immune response is induced. The murine immune response to OVA has been well characterized, to the extent that the immunodominant peptides for eliciting T cell responses have been identified. Anti-OVA antibodies are detectable 8 to 10 days after immunization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA), and determination of different isotypes of antibodies gives further information on the complex processes that may lead to a deficient response in genetically engineered mice.

As noted above, this protocol assesses the ability of mice to raise an antigen-specific immune response. Animals were injected IP with 50 mg of chicken ovalbumin emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant and 14 days later the serum titer of anti-ovalbumin antibodies (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses) was measured. The amount of OVA-specific antibody in the serum sample is proportional to the Optical Density (OD) value generated by an instrument that scans a 96-well sample plate. Data was collected for a set of serial dilutions of each serum sample.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 7/4/8

Results of this Challenge:

The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum IgG1 response to the ovalbumin challenge when compared with their (+/+) littermates. Thus, these knockout mice exhibited a decreased ability to elicit an OVA—specific antibody response to the T-cell dependent OVA antigen. In summary, ovalbumin challenge studies indicate that knockout mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO1325 polypeptides exhibit immunological abnormalities when compared with their wild-type littermates. The mutant mice exhibited a decreased ability to elicit an immunological response when challenged with the T-cell dependent OVA antigen. This suggests that PRO1325 polypeptides or their agonists would be useful agents which could stimulate the immune system (such as T cell proliferation) and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, inhibitors (antagonists) of PRO1325 polypeptides would be useful in inhibiting the immune response and would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of waft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

Hematology Analysis:

Test Description: Blood tests are carried out by Abbott's Cell-Dyn 3500R, an automated hematology analyzer. Some of its features include a five-part WBC differential. ‘Patient’ reports can cover over 22 parameters in all.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean platelet count when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 8/4/9

Thus, mutant mice deficient in the DNA66659-1593 gene resulted in a phenotype related to coagulation disorders. In this regard, inhibitors or antagonists of PRO1325 polypeptides would be useful in treating disorders related to abnormal blood coagulation such as hemophilia.

(c) Pathology

Microscopic Observations: The 6 (−/−) mice available for analysis exhibited mild-to-moderate multifocal degenerative myopathy, characterized in the skeletal muscle by eosinophilia, loss of striations, vacuolization, shrunken fibers, and centralization of nuclei (basophilia and increased nuclei). The changes were present within individual fibers and were scattered widely in the muscles. There was an inflammatory component in some areas, with infiltrating granulocytes and macrophages associated with coagulative necrosis of individual myofibers. These findings confirm the diagnosis of an inflammatory and degenerative myopathy. In addition, 3/3 female (−/−) mice exhibited a change in the cytoplasm of pancreatic acinar cells, reflecting a reduction in rough endoplasmic reticulum in the basilar area of these cells. Alterations were observed in the pancreatic acinar cells.

Gene Expression: LacZ activity was not detected in the panel of tissues by immunohistochemical analysis. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 2/1/6

(d) Bone Metabolism & Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROT) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone micro CT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean total tissue mass and mean lean tissue mass (1 standard deviation for males) when compared with their gender-matched littermates and the historical means. Both male and female (−/−) mice showed decreased fat (%) and fat (gram) compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The female (−/−) mice also showed an increased BMC/LBM ratio. Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited a notably decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number, thickness, connectivity density when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The reduced body size of the mutant mice must be considered when interpreting these results. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary:

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with significant decreased bone measurements similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, it appears that PRO1325 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO1325 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO1325 polypeptides or its encoding gene would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia.

In summary, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited a notable decrease in body weight, decrease in total tissue, lean body mass, decreased fat content and decreased bone mineral content and density suggestive of growth retardation in these mutants. Thus, PRO1325 polypeptides or agonists thereof must be essential for normal growth and/or growth metabolism and therefore would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders, cachexia or other tissue wasting diseases. The pathological findings (as shown above) confirm the fact that these mutant (−/−) mice exhibit muscle mass depletion (specifically multifocal degenerative myopathy).

41.16. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA66526-1616 (UNQ718) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1382 polypeptides (designated as DNA66526-1616) (UNQ718) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)175631 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)175631 NID: gi 28274689 ref NM_(—)175631.1 Mus musculus cerebellin 4 precursor protein (Cbln4); protein reference: Q8BME9 or ACCESSION:Q8BME9 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Cerebellin-like glycoprotein 1 precursor (Cerebellin 4); the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)080617 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)080617 NID:21313626 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens cerebellin precursor-like 1 (CBLNL1); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9NTU7 or ACCESSION:Q9NTU7NID: Homo sapiens (Human). CEREBELLIN-LIKE GLYCOPROTEIN PRECURSOR (DJ885A10.1). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is Cbln4 (cerebellin 4 precursor protein), ortholog of human CBLNL1 (cerebellin precursor-like 1). Aliases include cerebellin-like glycoprotein 1 and dJ885A10.1.

CBLNL1 is a likely secreted protein, consisting of a signal peptide and a complement component C1q domain. The C1 q fold is similar to that of tumor necrosis factor (SMART accession SM00110). Although the function of CBLNL1 is not currently known, it is structurally similar to family member precerebellin (CBLN1), which functions as a neuromodulator in both brain and adrenal gland (Mazzocchi et al, J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 84(2):632-5 (1999); Pang et al, J Neurosci; 20(17):6333-9 (2000)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 18 42 13 73 Expected 18.25 36.5 18.25 73 Chi−Sq.=2.34 Significance=0.30998 (hom/n)=0.18 Avg. Litter Size=7 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)175631.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in brain; spinal cord; eye; thymus; and stomach, small intestine, and colon among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.16.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for disrupted gene: DNA66526-1616 (UNQ718)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human cerebellin precursor-like 1 (CBLNL1) resulted in the observation that female mutant (−/−) mice exhibited decreased ambulatory counts during home-cage activity testing. However, male (−/−) mice exhibited increased anxiety during open field testing. Both male and female (−/−) mice showed significant increase in uric acid levels. In addition, the male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased bone-related measurements. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing.

Circadian Test Description:

Female mice are individually housed at 4 pm on the first day of testing in 48.2 cm×26.5 cm home cages and administered food and water ad libitum. Animals are exposed to a 12-hour light/dark cycle with lights turning on at 7 am and turning off at 7 pm. The system software records the number of beam interruptions caused by the animal's movements, with beam breaks automatically divided into ambulations. Activity is recorded in 60, one-hour intervals during the three-day test. Data generated are displayed by median activity levels recorded for each hour (circadian rhythm) and median total activity during each light/dark cycle (locomotor activity) over the three-day testing period. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 8/0/8

Results:

The female (−/−) mice exhibited mild hypoactivity during home-cage activity testing when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

As summarized above, differences were observed during home-cage activity testing. The (−/−) mice exhibited decreased ambulatory counts during the observed time periods when compared with their (+/+) littermates suggesting an abnormal circadian rhythm response in the mutants. These results are consistent with lethargy.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning. First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

A difference was observed during open field activity testing. The male (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased median sum time in the center area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates. This type of behavior is consistent with an increased anxiety like response. Knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with anxiety related disorders which are associated with mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety due to a general medical condition, and/or bipolar disorders; hyperactivity; sensory disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia or a paranoid personality. Thus, PRO1382 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of such neurological disorders or the amelioration of the symptoms associated with anxiety disorders.

(c) Blood Chemistry

Test Description: Lexicon Genetics uses the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) in its clinical settings for running blood chemistry tests on mice.

Results:

The (−/−) mice showed a significant increase in uric acid levels (female p=0.04156; male p=0.01383) compared to wild-type littermates. No other indications of renal impairment were observed.

(d) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone micro CT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: Male knockouts (−/−) showed a decrease in bone mineral content and bone mineral density measurements. Female heterozygotes (+/−) and homozygotes (−/−) showed an increase in total tissue mass, lean body mass and bone mineral content compared to wild-type littermates. MicroCT: Male knockouts showed decreased trabecular bone volume (1 standard deviation) and thickness (1 standard deviation) than the historical means. Midshaft femoral total area was also decreased in the male knockouts. However, wild-type measurements were higher than the historical means.

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism. Thus, PRO1382 polypeptides would be useful for maintaining bone homeostasis and in the treatment of osteo-related disorders, whereas antagonists or inhibitors of PRO1382 polypeptides or its encoding DNA would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders.

41.17. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA68874-1622 (UNQ728) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1410 polypeptides (designated as DNA68874-1622) (UNQ728) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference:AK087615 or Mus musculus 2 days pregnant adult female oviduct cDNA, RIKEN full-length enriched library, clone:E230025L24 product:hypothetical protein, full insert sequence; protein reference: Q8C2Z8 or ACCESSION:Q8C2Z8 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Hypothetical protein; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)203422 or Homo sapiens similar to hypothetical protein (LOC221091); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q8ND94 or ACCESSION:Q8ND94 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Hypothetical protein. HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest and human ortholog encode a hypothetical protein. Aliases include MGC61707.

The hypothetical protein is a likely type I plasma membrane protein, containing a signal peptide, a fibronectin type 3 domain, and a C-terminal transmembrane segment. Fibronectin type 3 domains are found in a wide variety of intracellular and extracellular proteins and are involved in protein-protein interactions (SMART accession SM00060).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 22 46 24 92 Expected 23 46 23 92 Chi−Sq.=0.09 Significance=0.95745 (hom/n)=0.26 Avg. Litter Size=9 Mutation Type: Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession AK087615.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.17.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for disrupted gene: DNA68874-1622 (UNQ728)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of a human hypothetical membrane protein resulted in the observation that female mutant (−/−) mice exhibited elevated levels of serum glucose with decreased insulin levels. In addition, male knockouts showed decreased total tissue mass and bone-mineral density measurements. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Phenotypic Analysis: Metabolism-Blood Chemistry/Serum Glucose Levels

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for running blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Abnormal glucose test results may indicate but may not be limited to the following disorders or conditions: Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Syndrome X, various cardiovascular diseases and/or obesity.

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice were used in this assay.

Results:

Blood Chemistry: The female (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean serum glucose level when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. In addition, the (−/−) mice showed decreased levels of insulin. Thus, knockout mice exhibited the phenotypic pattern of an impaired glucose homeostasis with abnormal insulin levels (low) and elevated levels of fasting serum glucose indicative of diabetes or a pre-diabetic condition. Based on these results, PRO1410 polypeptides (or agonists thereof) would be useful in the treatment of an impaired glucose metabolism and/or diabetes.

(c) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: Male knockouts (−/−) showed a decrease in total tissue mass and bone mineral density measurements compared to gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. MicroCT: Male knockouts showed decreased trabecular bone volume and thickness as well as midshaft femoral total area.

These results demonstrate that male knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, PRO1410 polypeptides would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis and would be useful for bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis, whereas antagonists or inhibitors of PRO1410 polypeptides or its encoding DNA would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders similar to osteoporosis.

41.18. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA73744-1665 (UNQ763) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1555 polypeptides (designated as DNA73744-1665) (UNQ763) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)022418 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)022418 NID:na Mus musculus Mus musculus hypothetical protein, clone 1-2 (AB030183); protein reference: Q9JMG3 or Q9JMG3 Q9JMG3 mRNA, COMPLETE CDS, CLONE:1-2 2010004O20RI; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)031434 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)031434 NID:na Homo sapiens Homo sapiens hypothetical protein MGC5442 (MGC5442); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9BVT8 or Q9BVT8 Q9BVT8 SIMILAR TO HYPOTHETICAL PROTEIN, CLONE 1-2.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 2010004020 gene, ortholog of human C7orf21 (chromosome 7 open reading frame 21). Aliases include SB144 and MGC5442.

C7 orf21 is a hypothetical protein, consisting of a signal peptide, a ubiquitin family domain (Pfam accession PF00240), and two C-terminal transmembrane segments. The cell location of this protein is not clear; however, bioinformatic analysis suggests that C7orf21 may be secreted. Ubiquitin family domains are found in ubiquitin-like proteins, such as SUMO, NEDD8, and Apg12. Ubiquitin-like proteins undergo ligation with target proteins and thereby mediate biological processes such as proteasome degradation, cell cycle progression, cell signaling, and immune recognition (Yeh et al, Gene; 248(1-2):1-14 (2000); Hochstrasser, Nat Cell Biol; 2(8):E153-7 (2000); Hochstrasser, Cell; 107(1):5-8 (2001)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level 1 phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 26 37 22 85 Expected 21.25 42.5 21.25 85 Chi−Sq.=1.80 Significance=0.40657 (hom/n)=0.26 Avg. Litter Size=9 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 1 and 2 were targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)022418.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except lung, skeletal muscle, and bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.18.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for disrupted gene: DNA73744-1665 (UNQ763)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human chromosome 7 open reading frame 21 (C7orf21) resulted in an increased mean absolute monocyte count in (−/−) mice. The (−/−) mice exhibited decreased total body fat with abnormal bone measurements. In addition, the (−/−) mice also exhibited increased locomotor activity during circadian rhythm testing. The male (−/−) mice showed an impaired glucose tolerance although insulin levels were normal. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing.

Circadian Test Description:

Female mice are individually housed at 4 pm on the first day of testing in 48.2 cm×26.5 cm home cages and administered food and water ad libitum. Animals are exposed to a 12-hour light/dark cycle with lights turning on at 7 am and turning off at 7 pm. The system software records the number of beam interruptions caused by the animal's movements, with beam breaks automatically divided into ambulations. Activity is recorded in 60, one-hour intervals during the three-day test. Data generated are displayed by median activity levels recorded for each hour (circadian rhythm) and median total activity during each light/dark cycle (locomotor activity) over the three-day testing period. Thus, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited severe hypoactivity. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited increased median ambulatory counts during both dark phases of the habituation period when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 8/0/8

As summarized above, notable differences were observed during home-cage activity testing. These results are consistent with increased locomotor activity during the dark periods. These finding suggest that the mutant (−/−) mice are hyperactive suggestive of neurological disorders associated with abnormal circadian rhythm patterns. Antagonists or inhibitors of PRO1555 polypeptides would be expected to mimic this neurological phenotype. Whereas PRO1555 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of such neurological disorders.

(c) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics: Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PTXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PTXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 heterozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple hones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

CAT-Scan Protocol:

Mice were injected with a CT contrast agent, Omnipaque 300 (Nycomed Amershan, 300 mg of iodine per ml, 0.25 ml per animal, or 2.50-3.75 g iodine/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally. After resting in the cage for 10 minutes, the mouse was then sedated by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight). A CAT-scan was performed using a MicroCAT scanner (ImTek, Inc.) with the anesthetized animal lying prone on the test bed. Three dimensional images were reconstructed by the Feldkamp algorithm in a cluster of workstations using an ImTek 3D RECON software.

Results:

DEXA: Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean percent total body fat and mean total fat mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The male mutants also exhibited an increased lean body mass and mean femoral bone mineral density. The female (−/−) mice showed a decreased total tissue mass compared to their gender-matched wild-type littermates although the wild-type mice were higher than the historical controls. Micro-CT: The male mutant (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means, though wild-type were higher than historical means. In addition, the male (−/−) mice trabecular bone volume, number, and connectivity density was increased though wild-type measurements were lower than the historical means. CAT-Scan: The 2 (−/−) mice tested exhibited a decreased intra-abdominal fat and possibly enlarged kidneys.

In summary, the (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean total body fat and fat mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates. These observations suggest a tissue wasting disorder associated with dyslipidemia or fat storage depletion or other metabolic disorder. The CAT scan results show that the kidneys are enlarged as well. In addition, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited an abnormal bone development. Thus, antagonists or inhibitors of PRO1555 polypeptides or the PRO1555 encoding gene would be expected to mimic this negative metabolic phenotype. Likewise, PRO1555 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be essential for normal metabolic and or growth development and would be useful in the treatment of related growth or metabolic disorders associated with this observed negative phenotype.

(d) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following test was performed:

(1) Hematology Analysis:

Test Description Blood tests are carried out by Abbott's Cell-Dyn 3500R, an automated hematology analyzer. Some of its features include a five-part WBC differential. ‘Patient’ reports can cover over 22 parameters in all.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean absolute monocyte count when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 7/4/8

In summary, the hematology results indicate that the homozygous mutant mice exhibited an increased monocyte count compared to their littermate controls indicating elevated levels of precursors of macrophages. These results indicate that the homozygous (−/−) knockout mice exhibit a positive immunological phenotype. These immunological findings suggest that inhibitors (antagonists) of PRO1555 polypeptides would be important agents which could stimulate the immune system (such as T cell proliferation) and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, PRO1555 polypeptides or agonists thereof would play a role in inhibiting the immune response and would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of graft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

(e) Phenotypic Analysis: Metabolism-Blood Chemistry/Glucose Tolerance

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for running blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes glucose tolerance tests to measure insulin sensitivity and changes in glucose metabolism. Abnormal glucose tolerance test results may indicate but may not be limited to the following disorders or conditions: Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Syndrome X, various cardiovascular diseases and/or obesity.

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice were used in this assay. The glucose tolerance test is the standard for defining impaired glucose homeostasis in mammals. Glucose tolerance tests were performed using a Lifescan glucometer. Animals were injected IP at 2 g/kg with D-glucose delivered as a 20% solution and blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after injection. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

These studies indicated that male (−/−) mice exhibit impaired glucose tolerance in the presence of normal fasting glucose at all 3 intervals tested when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. In addition, hyperinsulinemia was not apparent in the (−/−) mice. No abnormality was seen in the remaining clinical chemistry data. Thus, knockout mice exhibited the phenotypic pattern of an impaired glucose homeostasis, and as such antagonists to PRO1555 polypeptides would be expected to mimic these metabolic effects. Likewise, PRO1555 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis.

41.19. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA76529-1666 (UNQ764) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1556 polypeptides (designated as DNA76529-1666) (UNQ764) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)197991 or Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 2310044H10 gene (2310044H10Rik); protein reference: Q8VCD8 or ACCESSION:Q8VCD8 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Hypothetical 27.0 kDa protein. MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)206538 or Homo sapiens hypothetical protein LOC284361 (LOC284361), transcript variant 2; the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q8N541 or ACCESSTON:Q8N541 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). LOC126122 (Hypothetical protein). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 2310044H10 gene, ortholog of human hypothetical protein LOC284361. Aliases include INM02, AAAS764, MGC33203, and 2310044H10Rik.

The hypothetical protein consists of a signal peptide and a C-terminal transmembrane segment, suggesting that the protein is a type I plasma membrane protein. The orthologous human gene encodes a second variant, consisting of a signal peptide and a divergent C-terminus that lacks the transmembrane segment. This variant is predicted to be secreted.

wt het hom Total Observed 12 43 19 74 Expected 18.5 37 18.5 74 Chi−Sq.=3.27 Significance=0.19493 (hom/n)=0.26 Avg. Litter Size=7

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 1 and 2 (NCBI accession NM_(—)197991.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle, bone, and adipose. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was absent in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (M−184). Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Inverse PCR.

41.19.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA76529-1666 (UNQ764)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of a human hypothetical membrane protein resulted in enhanced glucose tolerance and decreased fertility in male (−/−) mice. Female knockouts showed significantly increased bilirubin levels and decreased phosphorous levels. Male knockouts showed decreased trabecular bone measurements. Female (−/−) mice exhibited an increased anxiety-related response. Transcript was absent by RT-PCR.

(b) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

A notable difference was observed during open field activity testing. The female (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased median sum time in the center area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates. This type of behavior is consistent with an increased anxiety like response. Knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with anxiety related disorders which are associated with mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety due to a general medical condition, and/or bipolar disorders; hyperactivity; sensory disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia or a paranoid personality. Thus, PRO1556 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of such neurological disorders or the amelioration of the symptoms associated with anxiety disorders.

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: Metabolism-Blood Chemistry

(1) Glucose Tolerance

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for running blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes glucose tolerance tests to measure insulin sensitivity and changes in glucose metabolism. Abnormal glucose tolerance test results may indicate but may not be limited to the following disorders or conditions: Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Syndrome X, various cardiovascular diseases and/or obesity.

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice were used in this assay. The glucose tolerance test is the standard for defining impaired glucose homeostasis in mammals. Glucose tolerance tests were performed using a Lifescan glucometer. Animals were injected IP at 2 g/kg with D-glucose delivered as a 20% solution and blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after injection. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

These studies indicated that male (−/−) mice exhibit enhanced glucose tolerance in the presence of normal fasting glucose at all 3 intervals tested when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Male (−/−) mice also showed decreased serum glucose levels. In addition, hyperinsulinemia was not apparent in the (−/−) mice. No abnormality was seen in the remaining clinical chemistry data. Thus, knockout mice exhibited the opposite phenotypic pattern of an impaired glucose homeostasis, and as such antagonists to PRO1556 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in the treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis.

(2) Bilirubin/Phosphorous

The female knockout mice (−/−) showed significantly elevated levels of serum bilirubin (p=0.04399). Phosphorous levels were significantly decreased (p=0.046203) in male mice.

(d) Body Diagnostics

Fertility

Results:

The single male (−/−) mouse available for analysis was infertile. No pups were produced after 60 days of breeding and 4 matings. The male mutant appeared healthy, a penile erection could be induced by abdominal pressure, and vaginal plugs were observed in the female mates, suggesting that the infertility is most likely due to a sperm defect.

(c) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics: Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 heterozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular hone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

MicroCT: The male knockouts (−/−) showed a decrease in trabecular connectivity density and midshaft femoral thickness and total area when compared to wild-type littermates. These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, it appears that PRO1556 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining hone homeostasis. In addition, PRO1556 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be important in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO1556 polypeptides or its encoding gene would lead to abnormal or pathological hone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal hone metabolism including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia.

41.20. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA76532-1702 (UNQ833) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1760 polypeptides (designated as DNA76532-1702) (UNQ833) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: AK006658 or ACCESSION:AK006658 NID:na Mus musculus adult male testis cDNA, product:hypothetical Protease associated (PA) domain containing protein, full insert sequence; protein reference: BAB24693 or unnamed protein product [Mus musculus]; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)032319 or Homo sapiens chromosome 2 open reading frame 7 (C2orf7); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: NP_(—)115695 or chromosome 2 open reading frame 7.

The mouse gene of interest is a hypothetical protein, ortholog of human C2orf7 (chromosome 2 open reading frame 7).

C2orf7 is predicted to have a signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain or an N-terminal transmembrane region. PA domains have been observed in the plant vacuolar sorting receptor and in various protease and RING-type zinc finger families (InterPro IPR003137). Although containing a PA-type region, nothing else suggests that C2orf7 is a protease.

wt het hom Total Observed 26 34 17 77 Expected 19.25 38.5 19.25 77 Chi−Sq.=3.16 Significance=0.20640 (hom/n)=0.22 Avg. Litter Size=8

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 1 and 2 (NCBI Accession AK006658). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle and stomach, small intestine, and colon. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was reduced in kidney and absent in spleen in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (F-70).

41.20.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA76523-1702 (UNQ833)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human chromosome 2 open reading frame 7 (C2orf7) resulted in increased lumbar vertebrae measurements in (−/−) mice. Transcript was absent in spleen and reduced in kidney as determined by RT-PCR.

(b) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone micro CT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

The knockout (−/−) mice exhibited increased lumbar 5 vertebrae measurements compared to their wild-type littermates. Thus, knocking out the gene encoding PRO1760 polypeptides results in a phenotype suggestive of osteo-related diseases. Thus, PRO1760 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful for treating conditions associated with abnormal bone development such as osteopetrosis.

41.21. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA76510-2504 (UNQ849) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1787 polypeptides (designated as DNA76510-2504) (UNQ849) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: AK090278 or Mus musculus 16 days neonate male medulla oblongata cDNA, RIKEN full-length enriched library, clone:G630033K19 product:similar to PROTEIN ZERO RELATED PROTEIN (MYELIN PROTEIN ZERO-LIKE 1) [Homo sapiens], full insert sequence; protein reference: XP_(—)129565 or RIKEN cDNA 1110007A10 [Mus musculus]; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)003953 or Homo sapiens myelin protein zero-like 1 (MPZL1); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: NP_(—)003944 or myelin protein zero-like 1; protein zero related [Homo sapiens].

The mouse gene of interest is Mpzl1 (myelin protein zero-like 1, 1110007A10Rik), which is the ortholog of human MPZL1. Aliases include PZR and protein zero related.

MPZL1 is a type I membrane protein that likely functions as a receptor for extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Zannettino et al, Biochem J; 370(Pt 2):537-49 (2003)). MPZL1 contains a signal peptide, an immunoglobulin type V domain, a transmembrane domain, and two tandem immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Upon activation of MPZL1, the ITIMs become tyrosine phosphorylated, resulting in recruitment and activation of SHP-2 (Sre homology phosphatase type-2) (Zhao et al, J Biol Chem; 277(10):7882-8 (2002); Zhao and Zhao, J Biol Chem; 275(8):5453-9 (2000)). MPZL1 is widely expressed but is particularly abundant in heart, placenta, kidney, and pancreas (Zhao and Zhao, J Biol Chem; 273(45):29367-72 (1998)). In addition to MPZL1, two other isoforms lacking the ITIMs occur by alternative splicing. MPZL1 is likely to be involved in cell motility and development (Zannettino et al, Biochem J; 370(Pt 2):537-49 (2003)).

wt het hom Total Observed 12 49 21 82 Expected 20.5 41 20.5 82 Chi−Sq.=5.10 Significance=0.07818 (hom/n)=0.26 Avg. Litter Size=8

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred between coding exons 1 and 2 (Accession AK090278). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was absent in spleen and greatly reduced in heart at 30 PCR cycles in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (M−126).

41.21.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA76510-2504 (UNQ849)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human myelin protein zero-like 1 (MPZL1) resulted in the observation that mutant (−/−) mice exhibited increased lumbar vertebral measurements. Transcript was absent in spleen and greatly reduced in heart as determined by RT-PCR.

(b) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROT) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

The knockout (−/−) mice exhibited increased lumbar 5 vertebrae measurements with increased trabecular number compared to their wild-type littermates. Thus, knocking out the gene encoding PRO1787 polypeptides results in a phenotype suggestive of osteo-related diseases. Thus, PRO1787 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful for treating conditions associated with abnormal bone development.

41.22. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA77624-2515 (UNQ859) Gene Disruptions in these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1868 polypeptides (designated as DNA77624-2515) (UNQ859) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)023277 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)023277 NID:12963612 Mus musculus Mus musculus junction cell adhesion molecule 3 (Jcam3); protein reference: Q9EPK4 or ACCESSTON:Q9EPK4 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). JUNCTIONAL ADHESION MOLECULE-2, JAM-2 (1110002N23RIK PROTEIN). MOUSE SPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)032801 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)032801 NID:21704285 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens junctional adhesion molecule 3 (JAM3); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q8WWL8 or ACCESSION:Q8WWL8 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Junction adhesion molecule 3.

The mouse gene of interest is Jam3 (junction adhesion molecule 3), ortholog of human JAM3. Aliases include JAM-3, Jcam3, 1110002N23Rik, FLJ14529, and junction cell adhesion molecule 3.

JAM3 is a type I plasma membrane protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule and counter-receptor for the beta2-integrin Mac-1, which is expressed on leukocytes, and the junctional adhesion molecule JAM2, which is expressed at the tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells. The protein consists of a signal peptide, two immunoglobulin-like folds, a transmembrane segment, and a 46-amino acid cytoplasmic segment (Arrate et al, J Biol Chem; 276(49):45826-32 (2001); Santoso et al, J Exp Med; 196(5):679-91 (2002); Cunningham et al, J Biol Chem; 277(31):27589-92 (2002); Palmeri et al, J Biol Chem; 275(25):19139-45 (2000)). JAM3 expression has been detected on platelets, T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells (Liang et al, J Immunol; 168(4):1618-26 (2002)).

JAM3 likely mediates the migration of immune cells into secondary lymphoid organs and sites of inflammation via the tight junctions of endothelial cells, which express JAM2 (Arrate et al, J Biol Chem; 276(49):45826-32 (2001); Liang et al, J Immunol; 168(4):1618-26 (2002)). Moreover, JAM3 likely facilitates the migration of immune cells expressing Mac-1 through injured vasculature denuded of endothelium via deposited platelets, which express JAM3 (Santoso et al, J Exp Med; 196(5):679-91 (2002)). These biological roles suggest that JAM3 may be a novel target for therapeutic intervention of inflammatory diseases, including atherothrombosis (Chavakis et al, Thromb Haemost; 89(1): 13-7 (2003)). JAM3 may also be involved in cardiogenesis and the severe human congenital heart defect hypoplastic left heart (Phillips et al, Genomics; 79(4):475-8 (2002)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 18 42 12 72 Expected 18 36 18 72 Chi−Sq.=3.00 Significance=0.22313 (hom/n)=0.17 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)023277.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected only in brain, spinal cord, and cyc among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.22.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for disrupted gene: DNA77624-2515 (UNQ859)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human junctional adhesion molecule 3 (JAM3) resulted in mature congenital nuclear lenticular cataracts in (−/−) mice. The (−/−) mice also exhibited increased locomotor activity (hyperactivity in open field testing). The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a marked growth retardation being smaller in size, decreased body weight, and decreased mean total tissue mass, lean body mass and total fat mass. Male (−/−) mice were infertile and exhibited hypogonadism with defective spermatogenesis. In addition, in Genentech's breeding colony knockout animals are not represented at Mendelian frequencies—about 50% of UNQ859 (−/−) mice die after birth. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROT, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

General Observations:

The 4 albino (−/−) mice analyzed exhibited cataracts. Cataracts were also observed in the black and agouti (−/−) mice upon further examination, the phenotype being more pronounced in the albino mutants.

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean body weight and decreased mean body length when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

Fertility:

The male (−/−) mouse available for analysis produced no pups after 4 matings and 40 days of breeding

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of hone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

CAT-Scan Protocol:

Mice were injected with a CT contrast agent, Omnipaque 300 (Nycomed Amershan, 300 mg of iodine per ml, 0.25 ml per animal, or 2.50-3.75 g iodine/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally. After resting in the cage for ˜10 minutes, the mouse was then sedated by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight). A CAT-scan was performed using a MicroCAT scanner (ImTek, Inc.) with the anesthetized animal lying prone on the test bed. Three dimensional images were reconstructed by the Feldkamp algorithm in a cluster of workstations using an ImTek 3D RECON software.

Results:

DEXA: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean total tissue mass, lean body mass, and total fat mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. In addition, male knockout (−/−) mice showed an increased BMC/LBM ratio compared with wild-type littermates. CAT-Scan: Both of the male (−/−) mice available for analysis (M−147 and M-186) exhibited moderately smaller testes, suggesting hypogonadism. The male (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased testicular weight (mean of 0.137 g) compared to a wild-type sibling (0.214 g) and historical data (0.216 g with a standard deviation of 0.058 g). A single (+/−) male mouse exhibited a markedly enlarged left testis (M−148), which might be due to an acquired lesion such as inflammation. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/5/9

Pathology

Gross Observations: Cataracts were noted in all of the (−/−) mice. Microscopic Observations: The (−/−) mice exhibited congenital nuclear lenticular cataracts, which were the only major ocular lesion seen in these mutant mice. In addition, the male (−/−) mice available for analysis exhibited small testes and epididymides. Defective or arrested spermatogenesis was noted in all seminiferous tubules with profound alterations in the number and proportion of germ cells; a few tubules were lined exclusively with Sertoli cells. There were numerous giant cells and apopotic germ cells but very few mature spermatids present in the epididymus and seminiferous tubules. Gene Expression: LacZ activity was not detected in the panel of tissues by immunohistochemical analysis. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 2/1/10

Summary:

The diagnostic/radiology and pathological studies indicate that the mutant (−/−) mice exhibit pronounced growth retardation marked by low body weight and decreased mean total tissue mass, lean body mass and total body fat. The male mice also show severe reproductive disorders with defective spermatogenesis, infertility and hypogonadism. Heterozygous male (+/−) mice also showed signs of reproductive disorders linked to inflammatory conditions. In addition, the pathology report indicates that mutant (−/−) mice have severe congenital nuclear lenticular cataracts. Thus, knocking out the gene that encodes PRO1868 polypeptides causes severe growth, reproductive and opthalmological disorders. Antagonists or inhibitors of PRO1868 polypeptides or the gene encoding PRO1868 polypeptides would be expected to mimic these negative phenotypic conditions. Thus, the gene that encodes PRO1868 polypeptides appears to be essential for normal growth and reproductive development especially in males.

(c) Cardiovascular Phenotypic Analysis:

In the area of cardiovascular biology, phenotypic testing was performed to identify potential targets for the treatment of cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders. One such phenotypic test included optic fundus photography and angiography to determine the retinal arteriovenous ratio (A/V ratio) in order to flag various eye abnormalities. An abnormal A/V ratio signals such systemic diseases or disorders that may be related to the vascular disease of hypertension (and any disease that causes hypertension, e.g. atherosclerosis), diabetes or other ocular diseases corresponding to ophthalmological disorders. Such eye abnormalities may include but are not limited to the following: retinal abnormality is retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, restenosis, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Optic fundus photography was performed on conscious animals using a Kowa Genesis small animal fundus camera modified according to Hawes and coauthors (Hawes et al., 1999 Molecular Vision 1999; 5:22). Intra-peritoneal injection of fluorescein permitted the acquisition of direct light fundus images and fluorescent angiograms for each examination. In addition to direct ophthalmological changes, this test can detect retinal changes associated with systemic diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis or other retinal abnormalities. Pictures were provided of the optic fundus under normal light. The angiographic pictures allowed examination of the arteries and veins of the eye. In addition an artery to vein (A/V) ratio was determined for the eye.

Ophthalmology analysis was performed on generated F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny using the protocol described above. Specifically, the A/V ratio was measured and calculated according to the fundus images with Kowa COMIT+ software. This test takes color photographs through a dilated pupil: the images help in detecting and classifying many diseases. The artery to vein ratio (A/V) is the ratio of the artery diameter to the vein diameter (measured before the bifurcation of the vessels). Many diseases will influence the ratio, i.e., diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, papilledema, optic atrophy or other eye abnormalities such as retinal degeneration (known as retinitis pigmentosa) or retinal dysplasia, vision problems or blindness. Thus, phenotypic observations which result in an increased artery-to-vein ratio in homozygous (−/−) and heterozygous (+/−) mutant progeny compared to wildtype (+/+) littermates would be indicative of such pathological conditions.

Results:

All 8 (−/−) mice exhibited differing degrees of mature cataracts. The retinal artery-to-vein ratio (A/V) could not be measured for the (−/−) mice due to blockage from the cataracts. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/5/8

In summary, by knocking out the gene identified as DNA77624-2515 (UNQ859) which encodes PRO1868 polypeptides, the homozygous mutant progeny exhibit phenotypes which are associated with cataract formation and/or other opthalmological disorders. Such detected ophthalmology changes are most commonly associated with cardiovascular systemic diseases. In particular, cataract formation may be indicative of a cardiovascular complication related to disturbances in the blood coagulation cascade. Cataracts are also associated with such systemic diseases as: Human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15 condition, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypothroidisms, Conradi syndrome. Thus, antagonists of PRO1868 encoding genes would lead to similar pathological changes, whereas agonists would be useful as therapeutic agents in the prevention of cataract formation and/or the underlying cardiovascular disease or opthalmological disorders.

(d) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning. First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value.

Results:

A notable difference was observed during open field activity testing. The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased sum total distance traveled and rearing activity when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates, which is indicative of an increased exploratory response to a novel environment in the mutants. Thus, knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with hyperactivity. In light of these observations, PRO1868 polypeptides and agonists thereof would be useful for the treatment or amelioration of the symptoms associated with hyperactivity.

41.23. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA91779-2571 (UNQ1883) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO4326 polypeptides (designated as DNA91779-2571) (UNQ1883) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)029770 or Mus musculus unc-5 homolog B (C. elegans) (Unc5b); protein reference: Q8K1S3 or ACCESSION:Q8K1S3 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Netrin receptor Unc5h2. MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)170744 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)170744 NID: gi 25014104 ref NM_(—)170744.1 Homo sapiens transmembrane receptor Unc5H2 (UNQ5H2); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q81ZJ1 or ACCESSION:Q81ZJ1 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Transmembrane receptor UNQ5H2.

The mouse gene of interest is Unc5b (unc-5 homolog B [C. elegans]), ortholog of human UNQ5B. Aliases include Unc5h2, 6330415E02Rik, unc5 homolog (C. elegans)2, p53RDL1, transmembrane receptor Unc5H2, and p53-regulated receptor for death and life.

UNQ5B is a type I plasma membrane protein and receptor for the chemorepulsive axonal guidance ligand netrin-1 (Leonardo et al, Nature; 386(6627):833-8 (1997)). The protein consists of a signal peptide, two immunoglobulin domains, two thrombospondin type-1 motifs, a transmembrane segment, a ZU-5 domain, a DCC-binding domain, and a C-terminal death domain. UNQ5B may stimulate cAMP synthesis by interacting with G protein subunit Gi-alpha2 in its active, GTP-bound faun, relieving adenylyl cyclase from inhibition by Gi-alpha2. UNQ5B plays a role in axonal guidance and is likely to participate in immune cell chemotaxis (Komatsuzaki et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun; 297(4):898-905 (2002)). In the absence of netrin-1, UNQ5B may function as a tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis (Thiebault et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 100(7):4173-8 (2003); Llambi et al, EMBO J; 20(11):2715-22 (2001); Tanikawa et al, Nat Cell Biol; 5(3):216-23 (2003)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 22 44 0 66 Expected 16.5 33 16.5 66 Chi−Sq.=22.00 Significance=0.00002 (hom/n)=0.00 Avg. Litter Size=7

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 1 and 2 (NCBI accession NM_(—)029770.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except thymus, skeletal muscle, bone, and adipose. Due to lethality, transcript expression analysis was not performed. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Inverse PCR.

41.23.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA91779-2571 (UNQ1883)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human unc-5 homolog B (C. elegans) (UNQ5B) resulted in lethality of (−/−) mutants. Nitrituria was observed in the (+/−) mice. In addition, female (+/−) mice showed increased total body fat content.

Discussion Related to Embryonic Developmental Abnormality of Lethality:

Embryonic lethality in knockout mice usually results from various serious developmental problems including but not limited to neuro-degenerative diseases, angiogenic disorders, inflammatory diseases, or where the gene/protein has an important role in basic cell signaling processes in many cell types. In addition, embryonic lethals are useful as potential cancer models. Likewise, the corresponding heterozygous (+/−) mutant animals are particularly useful when they exhibit a phenotype and/or a pathology report which reveals highly informative clues as to the function of the knocked-out gene. For instance, EPO knockout animals were embryonic lethals, but the pathology reports on the embryos showed a profound lack of RBCs.

(b) Pathology

Gross Observations: The 12.5 day (−/−) embryos exhibited moderately stunted growth. Microscopic Observations: At 12.5 days, 63 embryos were observed: 14 (−/−) embryos, 28 (+/−) embryos, 12 (+/+) embryos, and 9 resorption moles. Normal organogenesis was observed in the 12.5 day (−/−) embryos, although there was a general reduction in size of all organs except for the brain and spinal cord. Gene Expression LacZ activity was detected in the brain among the panel of tissues analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

(c) Blood Chemistry—Urinalysis

Of the eight (8) heterozygous (+/−) mice analyzed, seven exhibited nitrituria.

(d) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type and 4 heterozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Results:

Female heterozygotes (+/−) showed an increased total body fat content compared to the gender-matched littermates and the historical means, however there were no changes in blood triglycerides to suggest abnormal lipid metabolism.

41.24. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA100272-2969 (UNQ1887) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO4332 polypeptides (designated as DNA100272-2969) (UNQ1887) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: AK014709 or ACCESSION:AK014709 NID:12852724 Mus musculus Mus musculus 0 day neonate head cDNA, RIKEN full-length enriched library, clone:4833416I09:related to CG5901 PROTEIN, full insert sequence; protein reference: Q9CUS9 or Signal peptide peptidase-like 3 (SPP-like 3 protein) (Intramembrane protease 2) (IMP2) (Presenilin-like protein 4); the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)139015 or Homo sapiens signal peptide peptidase 3 (SPPL3); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q8TCT6 or ACCESSION:Q8TCT6 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Presenilin-like protein 4 (EC 3.4.99.-) (SPPL3 protein). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is presenilin-like protein 4, ortholog of human SPPL3 (signal peptide peptidase 3). Aliases include 4833416I09Rik, IMP2, PSL4, DKFZP586C1324, intramembrane protease, and presenilin-like protein 4.

SPPL3 is a putative presenilin-type aspartic protease located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum that catalyzes the intramembrane proteolysis of signal peptides cleaved from preproteins. Signal protein peptidases, such as SPPL3, are involved in cell signaling, cell regulation, and protein processing (Weihofen et al, Science; 296(5576):2215-8 (2002); Grigorenko et al, Biochemistry (Mosc); 67(7):826-35 (2002); Xia and Wolfe, J Cell Sci; 116(Pt 14):2839-44 (2003); Urny et al, Gene Expr Patterns; 3(5):685-91 (2003)).

wt het hom Total Observed 14 40 14 68 Expected 17 34 17 68 Chi−Sq.=2.12 Significance=0.34686 (hom/n)=0.21 Avg. Litter Size=7

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred between coding exons 6 and 7 (NCBI accession AK014709.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in brain, spinal cord, kidney, and heart among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was absent in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (M−185). Larger transcripts were also detected in both tissues in the (−/−) mouse due to the splicing of a fragment from the retroviral vector into the target transcript, as determined by nucleotide sequence analysis. However, the in-frame stop codon in the retroviral vector sequence was predicted to disrupt translation of this transcript. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Inverse PCR.

41.24.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA100272-2969 (UNQ1887)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human signal peptide peptidase 3 (SPPL3) resulted in growth retardation and decreased fertility in (−/−) mice. The (−/−) mice also exhibited numerous neurological abnormalities. In addition, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited decreased triglyceride and mean fasting serum glucose levels. Expression of LacZ was observed in seminiferous tubules including sperm. Transcript was absent by RT-PCR.

(b) Body Diagnostics—Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

(1) Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

General Observations:

The (−/−) mice were smaller than their (+/+) littermates and exhibited an agitated behavior.

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean body weight and decreased mean body length when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

Fertility:

Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited impaired fertility. The single male (−/−) mouse available for analysis was infertile. No pups were produced after 60 days of breeding and 4 matings, although the mutant appeared healthy but small. A penile erection could be induced by abdominal pressure, and vaginal plugs were observed in the female mates. However, the plugs were soft, malformed, and did not tightly fill the vagina, indicating a possible accessory sex gland or sperm defect in the mutant. The 3 female (−/−) mice available for analysis produced small lifters, further suggesting decreased fertility in the mutants.

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical hone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited notably decreased mean total tissue mass and lean body mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The male (−/−) mutants also exhibited decreased mean bone mineral content and bone mineral density-related measurements.

-   -   Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean vertebral         trabecular bone volume and thickness and notably decreased mean         femoral mid-shaft cross-sectional area and cortical thickness         when compared with their gender-matched (+/−P) littermates and         the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 5/4/8

Summary:

The (−/−) mice were quite small in size and showed a notable decrease in body weight suggestive of growth retardation in these mutants. Although pathology observations failed to reveal any histopathological lesions, the negative phenotype is indicative of a tissue wasting condition with growth retardation. The mutant male (−/−) mice also exhibited decreased bone-related measurements. Thus, PRO4332 polypeptides or agonists thereof must be essential for normal growth and/or growth metabolism and therefore would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders such as cachexia or other tissue wasting diseases.

(e) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Functional Observational Battery

Test Description: The FOB is a series of situations applied to the animal to determine gross sensory and motor deficits. A subset of tests from the Irwin neurological screen that evaluates gross neurological function is used. In general, short-duration, tactile, olfactory, and visual stimuli are applied to the animal to determine their ability to detect and respond normally. These simple tests take approximately 10 minutes and the mouse is returned to its home cage at the end of testing.

Tail Suspension Analysis:

Test Description: The tail suspension test is a procedure that has been developed as a model for depressive-like behavior in rodents. In this particular setup, a mouse is suspended by its tail for 6 minutes, and in response the mouse will struggle to escape from this position. After a certain period of time the struggling of the mouse decreases and this is interpreted as a type of learned helplessness paradigm.

Results:

Basic Sensory & Motor Observations:

Numerous abnormalities were noted during the functional observational battery. Among the 8 (−/−) mice tested, 5 exhibited an abnormal response to the 20-second tail suspension test, 3 exhibited shaking behavior, and 2 exhibited circling behavior. With regard to the response to helplessness: The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased median immobility time during tail suspension testing when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning. First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased median sum time-in-center during open field testing when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean, suggesting an increased anxiety-like response in the mutants. The (−/−) mice also exhibited a decreased normalized slope during open field testing when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggesting an accelerated habituation response to novelty.

In summary, the open field testing as well as the functional observational battery testing revealed a phenotype associated with pronounced increased anxiety with associated agitated behavior which could be associated with severe to moderate anxiety, hyperactivity; sensory disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia or a paranoid personality. Antagonists or inhibitors of PRO4332 polypeptides or the encoding gene would be expected to mimic these neurological abnormalities. On the other hand, PRO4332 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the prevention or treatment of such neurological disorders.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 8/0/8

Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex

Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex occurs when a loud 120 decibel (dB) startle-inducing tone is preceded by a softer (prepulse) tone. The PPI paradigm consists of six different trial types (70 dB background noise, 120 dB alone, 74 dB+120 dB−pp 4, 78 dB+120 dB−pp 8, 82 dB+120 dB−pp 12, and 90 dB+120 dB−pp 20) each repeated in pseudo random order six times for a total of 36 trials. The max response to the stimulus (V max) is averaged for each trial type. Animals with a 120 dB average value equal to or below 100 are excluded from analysis. The percent that the prepulse inhibits the animal's response to the startle stimulus is calculated and graphed.

Results:

The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a trend towards a decreased startle response indicative of a decreased ability to respond to an external auditory stimuli.

(d) Phenotypic Analysis: Cardiology

In the area of cardiovascular biology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, dyslipidemias such as high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and elevated serum triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), diabetes and/or obesity. The phenotypic tests included the measurement of scrum cholesterol and triglycerides.

Blood Lipids

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. High cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride blood levels are recognized risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Measuring blood lipids facilitates the finding of biological switches that regulate blood lipid levels Inhibition of factors which elevate blood lipid levels may be useful for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In these blood chemistry tests, measurements were recorded using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche). Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

The male mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum triglyceride level (p=0.014) when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

As summarized above, the homozygous (−/−) mutant mice exhibited a decreased mean serum triglyceride level (compared to normal levels) when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. (Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8)

Thus, mutant mice deficient in the PRO4332 can serve as a model for cardiovascular disease especially for those diseases which are associated with an abnormal lipid metabolism. Antagonists or inhibitors of PRO4332 polypeptides would be useful in regulating blood lipids and in particular maintaining normal triglyceride levels and fat metabolism and would be useful in the treatment of such cardiovascular diseases as: hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, and/or obesity or diabetes.

Serum Glucose Levels

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for limning blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Abnormal glucose test results may indicate but may not be limited to the following disorders or conditions: Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Syndrome X, various cardiovascular diseases and/or obesity.

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice were used in this assay.

Results:

Blood Chemistry: The male (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean fasting serum glucose level when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

Thus, knockout mice exhibited the phenotypic pattern opposite of an impaired glucose homeostasis which would occur in diabetes or a pre-diabetic condition. The blood chemistry levels shown above are consistent with these findings. Based on these results, antagonists or inhibitors of PRO4332 polypeptides would be useful in the treatment of an impaired glucose metabolism and/or diabetes.

41.25. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA86594-2587 (UNQ1900) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO4346 polypeptides (designated as DNA86594-2587) (UNQ1900) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)172793 or Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA D330012D11 gene (D330012D11Rik); protein reference: Q8BJE2 or ACCESSION:Q8BJE2 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Weakly similar to cDNA FLJ32535 FIS; the human gene sequence reference: AY358358 or Homo sapiens clone DNA86594 VDLS1900 (UNQ1900); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: AAQ88724 or VDLS1900 [Homo sapiens].

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA D330012D11 gene, ortholog of human butyrophilin 3 Aliases include Btn3, B430208I01, and butyrophilin 3.

Butyrophilin 3 is a type I plasma membrane protein that likely functions as a receptor. The 536-amino acid protein consists of a signal peptide, two immunoglobulin domains (Pfam accession PF00047), a transmembrane segment, and a SPRY domain (Pfam accession PF000622). Immunoglobulin domains are usually involved in protein-protein interactions. SPRY domains are found in ryanodine receptors and IP3 receptors, which gate release of calcium from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Butyrophilin 3 is similar to butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1), which is thought to play a role in mediating secretion of milk-fat droplets in mammary gland (Jack and Mather, J Biol Chem; 265(24):14481-6 (1990); Ishii et al, Biochim Biophys Acta; 1245(3):285-92 (1995)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 13 36 17 66 Expected 16.5 33 16.5 66 Chi−Sq.=1.03 Significance=0.59741 (hom/n)=0.26 Avg. Litter Size=7 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 1 and 2 were targeted (the signal sequence and the IgV domain were removed in the knockout) (NCBI accession NM_(—)172793.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except lung and bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.25.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA86594-2587 (UNQ1900)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human butyrophilin 3 resulted in an increased IgG1 and IgG2a response to ovalbumin. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc.

In the area of immunology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Ovalbumin Challenge

Procedure: This assay was carried out on 7 wild types and 8 homozygotes. Chicken ovalbumin (OVA) is a T-cell dependent antigen, which is commonly used as a model protein for studying antigen-specific immune responses in mice. OVA is non-toxic and inert and therefore will not cause harm to the animals even if no immune response is induced. The murine immune response to OVA has been well characterized, to the extent that the immunodominant peptides for eliciting T cell responses have been identified. Anti-OVA antibodies are detectable 8 to 10 days after immunization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA), and determination of different isotypes of antibodies gives further information on the complex processes that may lead to a deficient response in genetically engineered mice.

As noted above, this protocol assesses the ability of mice to raise an antigen-specific immune response. Animals were injected IP with 50 mg of chicken ovalbumin emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant and 14 days later the scrum titer of anti-ovalbumin antibodies (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses) was measured. The amount of OVA-specific antibody in the serum sample is proportional to the Optical Density (OD) value generated by an instrument that scans a 96-well sample plate. Data was collected for a set of serial dilutions of each serum sample.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 8/4/9

Results of this Challenge:

The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean serum IgG1 and IgG2a response to ovalbumin challenge when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Thus, these knockout mice exhibited an increased ability to elicit an OVA—specific antibody response to the T-cell dependent OVA antigen.

In summary, the ovalbumin challenge studies indicate that knockout mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO4346 polypeptides exhibit immunological abnormalities when compared with their wild-type littermates. In particular, the mutant mice exhibited an increased ability to elicit an immunological response when challenged with the T-cell dependent OVA antigen. Thus, inhibitors or antagonists of PRO4346 polypeptides would be useful for stimulating the immune system (such as T cell proliferation) and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, PRO4346 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful for inhibiting the immune response and thus would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of graft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

FACS and BiaCore Binding Studies

Binding assays were performed both by FACS and BiaCore binding assays. UNQ1900-ECD-Fc was coated on a chip and the BiaCore assay tested 275 proteins to determine binding to the UNQ1900-ECD-Fc coated chip. The following proteins bound to UNQ1900: EGFL8 (also called NG3), NT3, NT4, BDNF, FGF8 and INF-gamma. Binding between UNQ1900 and EGFL8 (NG3) was also seen by FACSUNQ1900 FACS analysis showed EGFL8 (NG3) binding with UNQ1900. BDNF has been shown to regulate glucose metabolism and energy expenditure (Chaldakov et al., Med Sci Monit. 9(10):HY19-21 (2003); Kuroda et al. Metabolism 52(2); 203-8 (2003); Nonomura et al., Int J Exp Diabetes Res. 2(3):201-9 (2001)). BDNF, NT3 and NT4 are trophic factors for sensory neurons (Anand P., Prog Brain Res. 146:477-92 (204); Fritzsch et al. Prog Brain Res. 146:265-78 (2004); Erickson et al. J. Neurosci. 21(2):581-9 (2001)). UNQ1900 is strongly expressed in sensory neurons.

In Situ Hybridization Studies

In situ hybridization was determined in E13.5 mouse embryos. EGFL8 (NG3) and UNQ1900 were found to be both expressed in the nervous system and in a subset of blood vessels. UNQ1900 was also expressed ubiquitously at a low level. E13.5 mouse limbs showed UNQ1900 expression as well as EGFL8 expression, however, UNQ1900 expression was not as restricted as EGFL8 but the strongest UNQ1900 signals was found in the same tissues as was the case for EGFL8. In situ hybridization studies were also conducted on murine MCH66 kidney tumor sections, which also showed that UNQ1900 was expressed in these tumor cells. Immunofluorescent staining of rhabdomyosarcoma A676 xenograft tumor sections showed that EGFL8 (NG3) was expressed in this subset of tumor blood vessels.

41.26. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA87974-2609 (UNQ1925) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO4400 polypeptides (designated as DNA87974-2609) (UNQ1925) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)028117 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)028117 NID: gi 21312415 ref NM_(—)028117.1 Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 2600016L03 gene (2600016L03Rik); protein reference: Q9D0P2 or ACCESSION:Q9D0P2 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). 2600016L03Rik protein. MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)130468 or Homo sapiens dermatan 4 sulfotransferase 1 (D4 ST1); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q96P94 or ACCESSION:Q96P94 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Dermatan-4-sulfotransferase-1 (Dermatan 4-sulfotransferase). HUMANSPTRNRDB.

The mouse gene of interest is D4st1 (dermatan 4 sulfotransferase 1), ortholog of human D4ST1. Aliases include 2600016L03Rik, dermatan-4-sulfotransferase-1, HD4ST, D4ST-1, and HNK1ST.

D4ST1 is a type II membrane protein and enzyme that catalyzes the 4-O-sulfation of GalNAc substituted at C-3 with alpha-linked iduronic acid (i.e., IdoUA-GalNAc) during biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate. The protein consists of a short cytoplasmic N terminus, a signal anchor, and a catalytic domain located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Most tissues express D4ST1, but it is particularly high in pituitary, placenta, uterus, and thyroid. D4ST1 is an important enzyme for the synthesis of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, which play a role in extracellular matrix assembly, cell adhesion, cell migration, cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth, wound repair, and anticoagulant processes (Mikami et al, J Biol Chem; 278(38):36115-27 (2003); Evers et al, J Biol Chem; 276(39):36344-53 (2001)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 23 36 19 78 Expected 19.5 39 19.5 78 Chi−Sq.=0.87 Significance=0.64668 (hom/n)=0.24 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon I was targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)028117.2). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle and adipose. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.26.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA87974-2609 (UNQ1925)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human dermatan 4 sulfotransferase 1 (D4ST1) resulted in decreased mean body weight and length, decreased total tissue mass, lean body mass and decreased total body fat suggestive of growth retardation in (−/−) mice. The (−/−) mice also exhibited enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention, and the (−/−) mice also exhibited a decreased anxiety-related response. Opthamalogical abnormalities were noted in (−/−) mice consistent with early signs of retinal degeneration. The (−/−) mice also showed an enhanced glucose tolerance with decreased fasting mean serum glucose levels. Similarly, the (−/−) mice showed a decrease in triglyceride blood levels. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Phenotypic Analysis: Metabolism-Blood Chemistry/Glucose Tolerance

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for running blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes glucose tolerance tests to measure insulin sensitivity and changes in glucose metabolism. Abnormal glucose tolerance test results may indicate but may not be limited to the following disorders or conditions: Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Syndrome X, various cardiovascular diseases and/or obesity.

Procedure: A cohort of 2 wild type and 4 homozygous mice were used in this assay. The glucose tolerance test is the standard for defining impaired glucose homeostasis in mammals. Glucose tolerance tests were performed using a Lifescan glucometer. Animals were injected IP at 2 g/kg with D-glucose delivered as a 20% solution and blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after injection. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean fasting serum glucose and an enhanced glucose tolerance when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means Similarly, as shown below, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited decreased triglyceride blood levels (especially in the female (−/−) mice). Thus, knockout mice exhibited the opposite phenotypic pattern of an impaired glucose homeostasis, and as such antagonists to PRO4400 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in the treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis and diseases associated with abnormal glucose metabolism such as found in diabetes.

(c) Cardiovascular Phenotypic Analysis:

In the area of cardiovascular biology, phenotypic testing was performed to identify potential targets for the treatment of cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders. One such phenotypic test included optic fundus photography and angiography to determine the retinal arteriovenous ratio (A/V ratio) in order to flag various eye abnormalities. An abnormal A/V ratio signals such systemic diseases or disorders that may be related to the vascular disease of hypertension (and any disease that causes hypertension, e.g. atherosclerosis), diabetes or other ocular diseases corresponding to ophthalmological disorders. Such eye abnormalities may include but are not limited to the following: retinal abnormality is retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, restenosis, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Optic fundus photography was performed on conscious animals using a Kowa Genesis small animal fundus camera modified according to Hawes and coauthors (Hawes et al., 1999 Molecular Vision 1999; 5:22). Intra-peritoneal injection of fluorescein permitted the acquisition of direct light fundus images and fluorescent angiograms for each examination. In addition to direct ophthalmological changes, this test can detect retinal changes associated with systemic diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis or other retinal abnormalities. Pictures were provided of the optic fundus under normal light. The angiographic pictures allowed examination of the arteries and veins of the eye. In addition an artery to vein (A/V) ratio was determined for the eye.

Ophthalmology analysis was performed on generated F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny using the protocol described above. Specifically, the A/V ratio was measured and calculated according to the fundus images with Kowa COMIT+ software. This test takes color photographs through a dilated pupil: the images help in detecting and classifying many diseases. The artery to vein ratio (A/V) is the ratio of the artery diameter to the vein diameter (measured before the bifurcation of the vessels). Many diseases will influence the ratio, i.e., diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, papilledema, optic atrophy or other eye abnormalities such as retinal degeneration (known as retinitis pigmentosa) or retinal dysplasia, vision problems or blindness. Thus, phenotypic observations which result in an increased artery-to-vein ratio in homozygous (−/−) and heterozygous (+/−) mutant progeny compared to wildtype (+/+) littermates would be indicative of such pathological conditions.

Results:

Fundus: Sporadic depigmentation spots were noted in the retinas of the (−/−) mice. One (−/−) mouse (F-131) exhibited projected optic disc vessels, suggesting increased intra-cranial pressure. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

In this study, homozygous (−/−) mice exhibited heterogeneous retinal backgrounds with mild depigmentation spots, which indicates early signs of retinal degeneration. In addition, the homozygous mice exhibited projected optic disc vessels when compared with their (+/+) littermates indicative of increased intra-cranial pressure. In summary, by knocking out the gene identified as DNA87974-2609 encoding PRO4400 polypeptides, the homozygous mutant progeny exhibit phenotypes which are associated with retinal degeneration. Such detected retinal changes are most commonly associated with cardiovascular systemic diseases or disorders that are related to the vascular disease of hypertension (and/or any disease that causes hypertension, e.g. atherosclerosis), diabetes or other ocular diseases corresponding to ophthalmological disorders such as retinal degeneration. Thus, antagonists of PRO4400 encoding genes would lead to similar pathological retinal changes, whereas agonists would be useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment atherosclerosis or other opthamological disorders including retinal degeneration and diseases associated with this condition (as indicated above).

(d) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean body weight and decreased mean body length when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 29/53/22

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical hone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PTXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PTXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple hones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: The male and female (−/−) mice both exhibited a decreased total body fat content and the male mice exhibited a decreased total tissue mass and lean body mass. Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number, thickness, and connectivity density when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/9

In summary, the (−/−) mice exhibited decreased body weight and length, decreased mean total tissue mass and lean body mass, decreased total body fat and fat mass and decreased trabecular bone measurements when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates. These observations suggest a growth retardation phenotype. In addition, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited abnormal hone measurements. Thus, PRO4400 polypeptides or agonists thereof, would be useful for normal growth and bone development and would be useful in the treatment of related growth or metabolic disorders such as osteopetrosis and/or tissue wasting conditions.

(e) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Stress-Induced Hyperthermia:

Test Description: Stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) is a measurement of autonomic hyperactivity induced by anxiety-provoking stimuli. The method involves taking two rectal body temperature measurements 10 minutes apart. SIH is determined by subtracting the basal body temperature (T1) from the stress-enhanced temperature (T2). The difference in delta values (T2-T1=deltaT) indicates the severity of autonomic hyperactivity or SIH. The rise in body temperature associated with SIH is a sign of anticipatory anxiety to the second rectal body temperature measurement. Lower deltaT values suggest decreased anxiety-like responses.

Results:

Anxiety: The (−/−) mice exhibited resistance to stress-induced hyperthermia when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean, suggesting a decreased anxiety-like response.

Summary:

The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited resistance to stress-induced hyperthermia when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates, which is indicative of a decreased anxiety-like response in the mutants. Thus, knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with depressive disorders, schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorders. Thus, PRO4400 polypeptides and agonists thereof would be useful for the treatment or amelioration of the symptoms associated with depressive disorders.

Prepulse Inhibition Testing (PPI):

Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex occurs when a loud 120 decibel (dB) startle-inducing tone is preceded by a softer (prepulse) tone. The PPI paradigm consists of six different trial types (70 dB background noise, 120 dB alone, 74 dB+120 dB−pp 4, 78 dB+120 dB−pp 8, 82 dB+120 dB−pp 12, and 90 dB+120 dB−pp 20) each repeated in pseudo random order six times for a total of 36 trials. The max response to the stimulus (V max) is averaged for each trial type. Animals with a 120 dB average value equal to or below 100 are excluded from analysis. The percent that the prepulse inhibits the animal's response to the startle stimulus is calculated and graphed.

Results:

Sensorimotor Gating/Attention: During prepulse inhibition testing, the (−/−) mice exhibited increased inhibition at pp 4, pp 8, and pp 12 when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical means, suggesting enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention in the mutants.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 8/0/8

41.27. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA83568-2692 (UNQ2514) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO6003 polypeptides (designated as DNA8368-2692) (UNQ2514) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)026162 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)026162 NID:16757971 Mus musculus Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 1200007L24 gene (1200007L24Rik); protein reference: Q9DC11 or ACCESSION:Q9DC11 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). 1200007L24RIK PROTEIN; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)032812 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)032812 NID:17511212 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens tumor endothelial marker 7-related precursor (TEM7R); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q96PD9 or ACCESSION:Q96PD9 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). TUMOR ENDOTHELIAL MARKER 7-RELATED PRECURSOR.

The mouse gene of interest is Plxdc2 (plexin domain containing 2), ortholog of human PLXDC2. Aliases include Tem7r, 1200007L24Rik, FLJ14623, tumor endothelial marker 7-related, and tumor endothelial marker 7 related precursor.

PLXDC2 is a type I plasma membrane protein, consisting of a relatively large extracellular domain, a transmembrane segment, and a phylogenetically conserved cytoplasmic domain. The extracellular domain of PLXDC2 contains a signal peptide and a plexin/semaphorin/integrin domain, which is found in plexins, semaphorins, and integrins. Plexins regulate development of neural and epithelial tissue, semaphorins mediate the collapse of neural growth cones, and integrins mediate migration and adhesion of epithelial cells (SMART accession SM00423). In humans, PLXCD2 is highly expressed in endothelium from tumors. However, in mice, PLXCD2 is expressed not only in endothelium from tumors but also in endothelium from normal lung and skeletal muscle. PLXDC2 may be a target for treatment of cancer by anti-angiogenic therapies (Carson-Walter et al, Cancer Res; 61(18):6649-55 (2001); St. Croix et al, Science; 289(5482):1197-202 (2000)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 14 40 22 76 Expected 19 38 19 76 Chi−Sq.=1.89 Significance=0.38776 (hom/n)=0.29 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 2 was targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)026162.2). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle; stomach, small intestine, and colon; and adipose. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.27.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA83568-2692 (UNQ2514)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human plexin domain containing 2 (PLXDC2) resulted in an increased depressive-like response in (−/−) mice. The mutant mice also exhibited growth retardation and abnormal bone-related measurements. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing.

Tail Suspension Analysis

Test Description: The tail suspension test is a procedure that has been developed as a model for depressive-like behavior in rodents. In this particular setup, a mouse is suspended by its tail for 6 minutes, and in response the mouse will struggle to escape from this position. After a certain period of time the struggling of the mouse decreases and this is interpreted as a type of learned helplessness paradigm. Animals with invalid data (i.e. climbed their tail during the testing period) are excluded from analysis.

Results:

Response to Helplessness: The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased median immobility time during tail suspension testing when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean, suggesting an increased depressive-like response in the mutants. Thus, knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with depressive disorders, schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorders. Thus, PRO6003 polypeptides and agonists thereof would be useful for the treatment or amelioration of the symptoms associated with depressive disorders.

(c) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The male mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean body weight and mean body length when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased mean body mass-related measurements (total tissue mass and lean body mass) and decreased mean bone mineral-related measurements (bone mineral content, and bone mineral density in total body, vertebrae, and femur) when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means, suggesting growth retardation and bone abnormalities in the male mutants.

Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited a notably decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number, thickness, and connective density and decreased mean femoral mid-shaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit decreased mean body weight and length as well as abnormal bone metabolism with significant bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, it appears that PRO6003 or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO6003 or its encoding gene would be useful in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO6003 or its encoding gene would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism.

Thus in summary, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA were quite small in size and exhibited a notable decrease in body weight and length as well as a decrease in total tissue, lean body mass and decreased bone mineral content and density suggestive of growth retardation in these mutants. These observations are consistent with a tissue wasting condition and/or growth retardation. Thus, PRO6003 polypeptides or agonists thereof must be essential for normal growth and/or growth metabolism and therefore would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders, cachexia or other tissue wasting diseases.

41.28. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA96995-2709 (UNQ2542) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO6094 polypeptides (designated as DNA96995-6094) (UNQ2542) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: BC065129 or Mus musculus expressed sequence AI843918, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:86028 IMAGE:30362651), complete cds; protein reference: Q8C420 or ACCESSION:Q8C420 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Acupuncture induced gene 1; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)021115 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)021115 NID:10863914 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)-like (SEZ6L); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9BYH1 or Seizure 6-like protein precursor gi|13603398|dbj|BAB40970.1| SEZ6L [Homo sapiens].

The mouse gene of interest is expressed sequence AI843918, ortholog of human SEZ6L (seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)-like). Aliases include AIG1, Acig1, mKIAA0927, KIAA0927, acupuncture induced gene 1, and seizure related gene 6 (mouse)-like.

SEZ6L is a hypothetical type I plasma membrane protein, consisting of a signal peptide, alternating CUB (Pfam accession PF00431) and Sushi (Pfam accession PF00084) domains, a transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic segment. CUB and Sushi domains are generally involved in protein-protein interactions. SEZ6L is a candidate tumor suppressor gene involved in certain types of small cell lung cancer (Nishioka et al, Oncogene; 19(54):6251-60 (2000)). However, the function of this protein has not been determined

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 21 43 12 76 Expected 19 38 19 76 Chi−Sq.=3.45 Significance=0.17841 (hom/n)=0.16 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 2 and 3 were targeted (NCBI accession AK083229.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except lung, kidney, liver, skeletal muscle, and bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.28.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA96995-2709 (UNQ2542)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)-like (SEZ6L) resulted in decreased locomotor activity in (−/−) mice. In addition, the mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean absolute lymphocyte count. Female mutant (−/−) mice showed decreased bone mineral content and density as well as a decreased BMC/LBM ratio. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Hematology Analysis:

Test Description Blood tests are carried out by Abbott's Cell-Dyn 3500R, an automated hematology analyzer. Some of its features include a five-part WBC differential. ‘Patient’ reports can cover over 22 parameters in all.

Results:

Hematology: The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean total white blood cell count when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. The decrease was due to a decreased mean absolute lymphocyte count in the (−/−) mice.

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: CATS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value.

Results:

General & Exploratory Activity: The (−/−) mice exhibited decreased median sum total distance traveled during open field testing when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. Rearing behavior was absent in 7 of 8 (−/−) mice and 1 of 8 (+/+) mice. These results are consistent with decreased locomotor activity in the (−/−) mice.

Circadian Test Description:

Female mice are individually housed at 4 pm on the first day of testing in 48.2 cm×26.5 cm home cages and administered food and water ad libitum. Animals are exposed to a 12-hour light/dark cycle with lights turning on at 7 am and turning off at 7 pm. The system software records the number of beam interruptions caused by the animal's movements, with beam breaks automatically divided into ambulations. Activity is recorded in 60, one-hour intervals during the three-day test. Data generated are displayed by median activity levels recorded for each hour (circadian rhythm) and median total activity during each light/dark cycle (locomotor activity) over the three-day testing period.

Results:

The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a marked decrease in ambulatory counts during the 1-hour and 12-hour habituation periods and during all light/dark periods of home-cage activity testing when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 8/0/8

These results are indicative of a suppression of circadian rhythm and coupled with the results observed during open field testing suggest a marked hypo-locomotor activity in the (−/−) mice. These results are consistent with lethargy or depressive disorders. Antagonists or inhibitors of PRO6094 polypeptides or the PRO6094 encoding gene would be expected to mimic this behavior. Likewise, PRO6094 polypeptides or agonists thereof, would be useful in the treatment of such neurological disorders including depressive disorders or other decreased anxiety-like symptoms.

(d) Bone Metabolism—Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROT) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Results:

DEXA: The female (−/−) mice exhibited decreased bone mineral content and density-related measurements when compared with their gender-matched littermates and the historical means. The mean bone mineral content index (BMC/LBM) for the female (−/−) mice was also decreased. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with significant bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, it appears that PRO6094 or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO6094 or its encoding gene would be useful in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO6094 or its encoding gene would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism including arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteopenia.

41.29. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA108743-2722 (UNQ2564) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO6244 polypeptides (designated as DNA108743-2722) (UNQ2564) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)028766 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)028766 NID: gi 21311890 ref NM_(—)028766.1 Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 1200015A22 gene (1200015A22Rik); protein reference: Q9 DBS1 or ACCESSION:Q9 DBS1 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). 1200015A22Rik protein (RIKEN cDNA 1200015A22 gene); the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)024334 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)024334 NID: gi 13236586 ref NM_(—)024334.1 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein MGC3222 (MGC3222); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9BTV4 or ACCESSION:Q9BTV4NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Hypothetical protein FLJ14971 (Hypothetical protein FLJ14851).

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 1200015A22 gene, ortholog of human hypothetical protein MGC3222. Aliases include DKFZp586G1919.

MGC3222 is a hypothetical integral membrane protein. The protein consists of four transmembrane segments and no other identifiable domains. MGC3222 is predicted to be located on the endoplasmic reticulum.

wt het hom Total Observed 20 25 17 62 Expected 15.5 31 15.5 62 Chi−Sq.=2.61 Significance=0.27078 (hom/n)=0.27 Avg. Litter Size=7

Mutation Type Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 1 and 2(NCBI accession NM_(—)028766.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle and bone. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was absent in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (M−207). Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Inverse PCR.

41.29.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA108743 (UNQ2564)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of a human hypothetical integral membrane protein resulted in an increased anxiety-related response in mutant (−/−) mice. Transcript was absent by RT-PCR.

(b) Phenotypic Analysis: CATS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

General Observations:

The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased hyperthermic response to stress but baseline temperature tended towards elevation.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan Instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value.

Results:

The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased median sum time in the center area when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates. In addition, the (−/−) mice showed a decreased hyperthermic response to stress, but baseline temperature showed a trend towards elevation. The open field behavior is consistent with an increased anxiety like response. Knockout mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with anxiety related disorders which are associated with mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety due to a general medical condition, and/or bipolar disorders; hyperactivity; sensory disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia or a paranoid personality. Thus, PRO6244 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of such neurological disorders or the amelioration of the symptoms associated with anxiety disorders.

41.30. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA108769-2765 (UNQ3022) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO9820 polypeptides (designated as DNA108769-2765) (UNQ3022) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)145835 or ACCESSTON:NM_(—)145835 NID: 22003881 Mus musculus Mus musculus lactase-like (Lctl-pending); protein reference: Q8K1F9 or ACCESSION:Q8K1F9 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Klotho-LPH related protein; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)207338 or Homo sapiens likely ortholog of mouse klotho lactase-phlorizin hydrolase related protein (KLPH); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: NP_(—)997221 or likely ortholog of mouse klotho lactase-phlorizin hydrolase related protein [Homo sapiens] gi|37182579|gb|AAQ89091.1| KPVW3022 [Homo sapiens].

The mouse gene of interest is Lctl (lactase-like), ortholog of human KLPH (ortholog of mouse klotho lactase-phlorizin hydrolase-related protein). Aliases include KLPH, E130104I05Rik, and klotho-LPH related.

KLPH is a type I membrane protein that is likely to function as a family 1 glycosidase. The protein consists of a signal peptide, a glycosidase hydrolase (family 1) domain, and a C-terminal transmembrane segment. Proteins with this domain catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds between two or more carbohydrates or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety (InterPro accession IPR001360). KLPH is located on the endoplasmic reticulum and is expressed primarily in kidney and skin (Ito et al, Biochim Biophys Acta; 1576(3):341-5 (2002)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 16 30 19 65 Expected 16.25 32.5 16.25 65 Chi−Sq.=0.66 Significance=0.71837 (hom/n)=0.29 Avg. Litter Size=6 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 1 through 4 were targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)145835.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected only in eye; thymus; and stomach, small intestine, and colon among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.30.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA108769-2765 (UNQ3022)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human likely ortholog of mouse klotho lactase-phlorizin hydrolase related protein (KLPH) resulted in higher monocyte counts in heterozygotes (+/−) and homozygotes (−/−). Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Flourescence-Activated Cell-Sorting (FACS) Analysis

Procedure:

FACS analysis of immune cell composition from peripheral blood was performed including CD4, CD8 and T cell receptor to evaluate T lymphocytes, CD19 for B lymphocytes, CD45 as a leukocyte marker and pan NK for natural killer cells. The FACS analysis was carried out on 2 wild type and 6 homozygous mice and included cells derived from thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph node.

In these studies, analyzed cells were isolated from thymus, peripheral blood, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Flow cytometry was designed to determine the relative proportions of CD4 and CD8 positive T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes in the mononuclear cell population. A Becton-Dickinson FACSCalibur 3-laser FACS machine was used to assess immune status. For Phenotypic Assays and Screening, this machine records CD4+/CD8-, CD8+/CD4−, NK, B cell and monocyte numbers in addition to the CD4+/CD8+ ratio.

The mononuclear cell profile was derived by staining a single sample of lysed peripheral blood from each mouse with a panel of six lineage-specific antibodies: CD45 PerCP, anti-TCRbAPC, CD4 PE, CD8 FITC, pan-NK PE, and CD19 FITC. The two FITC and PE labeled antibodies stain mutually exclusive cell types. The samples were analyzed using a Becton Dickinson FACS Calibur flow cytometer with CellQuest software.

Results:

Monocytes counts appeared to be higher in heterozygotes (+/−) and homozygotes (−/−) compared to their gender-matched wild-type littermates and the historical means. Thus, both homozygotes and heterozygotes appear to have higher levels of monocytes which are the precursors of macrophages. These immunological findings suggest a role for inhibitors or antagonists of PRO9820 polypeptides for stimulating the immune response.

41.31. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA142238-2768 (UNQ3027) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO9828 polypeptides (designated as DNA142238-2768) (UNQ3027) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)022657 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)022657 NID:12083588 Mus musculus Mus musculus fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23); protein reference: Q9EPC2 or ACCESSION: Q9EPC2 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-23 PRECURSOR (FGF-23); the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)020638 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)020638 NID:15055547 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9GZV9 or ACCESSION:Q9GZV9 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-23 PRECURSOR (FGF-23) (TUMOR-DERIVED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA INDUCING FACTOR).

The mouse gene of interest is Fgf23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), ortholog of human FGF23. Aliases include ADIIR, IIYPF, IIPDR2, tumor-derived hypophosphatemia inducing factor, and hypophosphatemia vitamin D-resistant rickets-2 (autosomal dominant).

FGF23 is a secreted peptide of the fibroblast growth factor family that is primarily expressed in the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus of the brain. The protein functions as a ligand for receptors that regulate phosphate and vitamin D metabolism (Yamashita et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun; 277(2):494-8 (2000); Saito et al, J Biol Chem; 278(4):2206-11 (2003)). FGF23 inhibits reabsorption of phosphate in the renal distal tubule (Bowe et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun; 284(4):977-81 (2001)). Moreover, FGF23 decreases expression of 1-alpha-hydroxylase in the kidney, lowering 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in the circulation (Shimada et al, J Clin Invest; 113(4):561-8 (2004)).

Shimada and colleagues (J Clin Invest; 113 (4):561-8 (2004)) investigated the physiological role of FGF23 using FGF23-deficient mice. They found that renal phosphate reabsorption and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) were higher in FGF23 homozygous null mice than in wild-type mice. Moreover, the resulting hyperphosphatemia was independent of the actions of parathyroid hormone, suggesting that FGF23 is the principal hormone regulating phosphate homeostasis.

Mutations in the FGF23 gene that result in resistance to proteolysis, prolonging the activity of the boil lone, are likely to be the underlying cause of autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) phenotype (The ADHR Consortium, Nat Genet; 26(3):345-8 (2000); Shimada et al, J Clin Invest; 113(4):561-8 (2004)). Moreover, over-expression of FGF23 likely causes tumor-induced rickets/osteomalacia (Shimada et al, Pro c Natl Acad Sci USA; 98(11):6500-5 (2001)) and X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (Yamazaki et al, J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 87(11):4957-60 (2002); Jonsson et al, N Engl J Med; 348(17):1656-63 (2003)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 17 30 25 72 Expected 18 36 18 72 Chi−Sq.=3.78 Significance=0.15124 (hom/n)=0.35 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)022657.2). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except kidney; skeletal muscle; stomach, small intestine, and colon; and adipose. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis. RT-PCR analysis revealed

41.31.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA142238-2768 (UNQ3027)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) resulted in small (−/−) mice that failed to thrive. The homozygous mutant mice were smaller than their wild-type littermates, exhibiting notably decreased body weight and length. Due to their failure to thrive, the mutants were euthanized or transferred to necropsy by 6 weeks of age. Microscopic analysis revealed diffuse osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification in the homozygous mutants available for analysis. The heterozygotes showed decreased levels of triglycerides and increased phosphates compared to their wild-type littermates. The heterozygotes (+/−) also showed an increase in B cells as well as decreased basophils, CD4 and NK cells. In addition, the male heterozygous mice exhibited an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing when compared with their gender-matched wild-type littermates and the historical mean. No other notable phenotype was observed for the heterozygous mice.

Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of wild type, heterozygotes and homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM). The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

General Observations: The (−/−) mice were smaller than their (+/+) littermates and gained little or no weight after birth, exhibiting ruffled fur and eye drainage. At 4 weeks of age, 6 (−/−) mice were transferred to pathology for analysis. The remaining (−/−) mice were euthanized at 6 weeks of age due to their ill health.

Both the male and female (−/−) mice exhibited notably decreased mean body weight when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

Length: No (−/−) mice were available for analysis.

(c) Pathology

Microscopic Observations: The (−/−) mice exhibited marked diffuse osteodystrophy and moderate metastatic calcification. Metatstatic calcification was well documented in the trachea, small intestine and aorta. Defective mineralization of bone was observed, characterized by retention of cartilage cores in cortical and trabecular bone and thickening of turbinate and calvarial bones, as well as apposition of woven bone on the endosteal surfaces of the diaphysis. Although osteoblasts in regions with normally high bone turnover had a normal appearance, the overwhelming majority of osteoblasts in other areas were abnormal. The abnormal osteoblasts were up to 5 times normal size and frequently filled the intertrabecular marrow spaces. The cytoplasm of affected osteoblasts and osteocytes was distended by abundant basophilic material, presumably matrix proteins. The calcium x phosphate product was found to be well above the level at which metastatic calcification of tissues is expected to occur. Mineralization was consistently present at regions of calcium absorption in the kidney and duodenum and regions in the aorta, trachea, and stomach submucosa that have connective tissue elements particularly prone to calcification. The renal changes were relatively mild and limited in distribution to proximal tubules located near arcuate vessels. Lymphocyte depletion in the thymus and spleen was also observed.

In summary, the knockout mice exhibit focally enlarged osteoblasts and abnormalities in bone mineralization, consistent with osteodystrophy. In humans, dialysis is a common cause of osteodystrophy (renal osteodystrophy). Less common causes in humans are genetic mutations associated with autosomal dominant hypophosphatemiic rickets and oncogenic osteomalacia. Thus, this knockout could be a good model of osteodystrophy in humans.

Gene Expression LacZ activity was not detected in the panel of tissues by immunohistochemical analysis.

(d) Phenotypic Analysis: Cardiology

In the area of cardiovascular biology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, dyslipidemias such as high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and elevated serum triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), diabetes and/or obesity. The phenotypic tests included the measurement of scrum cholesterol and triglycerides.

Blood Lipids

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. High cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride blood levels are recognized risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Measuring blood lipids facilitates the finding of biological switches that regulate blood lipid levels Inhibition of factors which elevate blood lipid levels may be useful for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In these blood chemistry tests, cholesterol measurements were recorded using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche).

Results:

The female heterozygous (+/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum triglyceride level when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

Thus, mutant mice deficient in the PRO9828 encoding gene can serve as a model for treatment of cardiovascular disease especially those diseases which are associated with dyslipidemia.

(e) Blood Chemistry

Blood chemistry analysis was performed using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) in its clinical settings for finning blood chemistry tests on mice.

Results:

Male heterozygotes (+/−) showed an increased phosphate level compared to their wildtype gender-matched littermates (p=0.02636). This observation indicates that the bone-related abnormalities found in the pathology report could be due to dysregulation of Ca⁺⁺/PO₄ ⁻² metabolism.

(f) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests was performed:

Flourescence-Activated Cell-Sorting (FACS) Analysis

Procedure:

FACS analysis of immune cell composition from peripheral blood was performed including CD4, CD8 and T cell receptor to evaluate T lymphocytes, CD19 for B lymphocytes, CD45 as a leukocyte marker and pan NK for natural killer cells. The FACS analysis was carried out on 2 wild type and 6 homozygous mice and included cells derived from thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph node.

In these studies, analyzed cells were isolated from thymus, peripheral blood, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Flow cytometry was designed to determine the relative proportions of CD4 and CD8 positive T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes in the mononuclear cell population. A Becton-Dickinson FACSCalibur 3-laser FACS machine was used to assess immune status. For Phenotypic Assays and Screening, this machine records CD4+/CD8−, CD8+/CD4−, NK, B cell and monocyte numbers in addition to the CD4+/CD8+ ratio.

The mononuclear cell profile was derived by staining a single sample of lysed peripheral blood from each mouse with a panel of six lineage-specific antibodies: CD45 PerCP, anti-TCRbAPC, CD4 PE, CD8 FITC, pan-NK PE, and CD19 FITC. The two FITC and PE labeled antibodies stain mutually exclusive cell types. The samples were analyzed using a Becton Dickinson FACS Calibur flow cytometer with CellQuest software.

Results:

The heterozygous (+/−) mice exhibited decreased mean percentages of CD4 cells, basophils and natural killer cells and an increased mean percentage of B cells in the peripheral blood when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 6/9/0

In summary, the FACS results indicate that the heterozygous mutant mice demonstrate immunological abnormalities marked by decreased T cell populations as well as decreased mean percentages of natural killer cells (which is an indicator of a negative phenotype associated with knocking out the PRO9828 gene). Natural killer cells are the first line of defense to viral infection since these cells have been implicated in viral immunity and in defense against tumors. Natural killer cells or NK cells act as effectors in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and have been identified by their ability to kill certain lymphoid tumor cell lines in vitro without the need for prior immunization or activation. However, their known function in host defense is in the early phases of infection with several intracellular pathogens, particularly herpes viruses. Thus, PRO9828 polypeptides and agonists thereof would be important for a healthy immune system and would be useful in stimulating the immune system particularly during viral infections.

(g) Phenotypic Analysis: CNS/Neurology

In the area of neurology, analysis focused herein on identifying in vivo validated targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia and sensory disorders. Neurological disorders include the category defined as “anxiety disorders” which include but are not limited to: mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder, acute alcohol withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder I or II, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, cyclothymic disorder, depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorder, substance-induced mood disorder. In addition, anxiety disorders may apply to personality disorders including but not limited to the following types: paranoid, antisocial, avoidant behavior, borderline personality disorders, dependent, histronic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Procedure:

Behavioral screens were performed on a cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygous and 8 homozygous mutant mice. All behavioral tests were done between 12 and 16 weeks of age unless reduced viability necessitates earlier testing. These tests included open field to measure anxiety, activity levels and exploration.

Open Field Test:

Several targets of known drugs have exhibited phenotypes in the open field test. These include knockouts of the seratonin transporter, the dopamine transporter (Giros et al., Nature. 1996 Feb. 15; 379(6566):606-12), and the GABA receptor (Homanics et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Apr. 15; 94(8):4143-8). An automated open-field assay was customized to address changes related to affective state and exploratory patterns related to learning First, the field (40×40 cm) was selected to be relatively large for a mouse, thus designed to pick up changes in locomotor activity associated with exploration. In addition, there were 4 holes in the floor to allow for nose-poking, an activity specifically related to exploration. Several factors were also designed to heighten the affective state associated with this test. The open-field test is the first experimental procedure in which the mice are tested, and the measurements that were taken were the subjects' first experience with the chamber. In addition, the open-field was brightly lit. All these factors will heighten the natural anxiety associated with novel and open spaces. The pattern and extent of exploratory activity, and especially the center-to-total distance traveled ratio, may then be able to discern changes related to susceptibility to anxiety or depression. A large arena (40 cm×40 cm, VersaMax animal activity monitoring system from AccuScan instruments) with infrared beams at three different levels was used to record rearing, hole poke, and locomotor activity. The animal was placed in the center and its activity was measured for 20 minutes. Data from this test was analyzed in five, 4-minute intervals. The total distance traveled (cm), vertical movement number (rearing), number of hole pokes, and the center to total distance ratio were recorded.

The propensity for mice to exhibit normal habituation responses to a novel environment is assessed by determining the overall change in their horizontal locomotor activity across the 5 time intervals. This calculated slope of the change in activity over time is determined using normalized, rather than absolute, total distance traveled. The slope is determined from the regression line through the normalized activity at each of the 5 time intervals. Normal habituation is represented by a negative slope value.

Results:

The male (+/−) mice exhibited a decreased median sum time-in-center during open field testing when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean, suggesting an increased anxiety-like response. The heterozygous (+/−) mice demonstrated a phenotype consistent with anxiety related disorders which are associated with mild to moderate anxiety, anxiety due to a general medical condition, and/or bipolar disorders; hyperactivity; sensory disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia or a paranoid personality. Thus, PRO9828 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment of such neurological disorders or the amelioration of the symptoms associated with anxiety disorders.

41.32. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA139686-2823 (UNQ3122) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO10274 polypeptides (designated as DNA139686-2823) (UNQ3122) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: XM_(—)203936 or Mus musculus RIKEN cDNA 1200015F23 gene (1200015F23Rik); protein reference: Q7TNF2 or ACCESSION:Q7TNF2 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Hypothetical protein (Fragment); the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)018145 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)018145 NID: gi 8922531 refNM_(—)018145.1 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein FLJ10579 (FLJ10579); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q96TC7 or ACCESSION:Q96TC7 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Cerebral protein-10.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 1200015F23 gene, ortholog of human hypothetical protein FLJ10579 (FLJ10579).

FLJ10579 is a hypothetical secreted protein of about 470 amino acids, containing a signal peptide. The function of this protein is not known; however, it may be related to DNA photolyases, which play a role in DNA repair. Moreover, the protein has been defined as “putative T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein” (NCBI accession CAC39480). Bioinformatic analyses suggest that the hypothetical protein may be located in the endoplasmic reticulum.

wt het hom Total Observed 15 32 24 71 Expected 17.75 35.5 17.75 71 Chi−Sq.=2.97 Significance=0.22630 (hom/n)=0.34 Avg. Litter Size=8

Mutation Type: Rctroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 5 and 6 (NCBI accession BC055754.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except bone. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript was absent in the (−/−) mouse analyzed (M−156). Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Inverse PCR.

41.32.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA139686-2823 (UNQ3122)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of a human hypothetical protein (FLJ10579) resulted in the observation that mutant (−/−) mice exhibit signs of abnormal bone metabolism with decreased bone-related measurements as well as signs of growth retardation (mice were smaller and showed decreased body length). Transcript was absent by RT-PCR.

Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROT, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results: The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean body length when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Results:

DEXA: Female (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean bone mineral content and bone mineral density in total body and femur when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The female (−/−) mice also exhibited a decreased mean bone mineral content index. Male knockouts showed decreased total body volumetric bone mineral density and femur bone mineral density. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with significant bone loss similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, it appears that PRO10274 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO10274 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists (inhibitors) of PRO10274 polypeptides would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism such as arthritis or osteoporosis. The observation that the (−/−) mice showed decreased body length was also indicative of growth retardation.

41.33. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA144844-2843 (UNQ5783) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO16090 polypeptides (designated as DNA144844-2843) (UNQ5783) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: XM_(—)282993 or Mus musculus similar to DTFT5783 (LOC327957); protein reference: XP_(—)282993 or similar to DTFT5783 [Mus musculus]; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)207103 or Homo sapiens DTFT5783 (UNQ5783); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q96MD0 or ACCESSION:Q96MD0 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Hypothetical protein FLJ32580.

The mouse gene of interest is LOC327957 (similar to DTFT5783), ortholog of human UNQ5783 (DTFT5783). Aliases include FLJ32580.

UNQ5783 is a hypothetical protein of about 130 amino acids (Clark et al, Genome Res; 13(10):2265-70 (PMID 12975309) (2003); Ota et al, Nat Genet; 36(1):40-5 (PMID 14702039) (2004)) that is likely to be a type II plasma membrane protein or a secreted protein. Both mouse and human orthologs contain an N-terminal peptide that functions as either a signal anchor or signal peptide; no other domains were detected.

wt het hom Total Observed 20 40 20 80 Expected 20 40 20 80 Chi−Sq.=0.00 Significance=1.00000 (hom/n)=0.25 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 1 and 2 were targeted (NCBI accession XM_(—)282993.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except eye, skeletal muscle, bone, and heart. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.33.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA144844-2843 (UNQ5783)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of a human hypothetical membrane protein resulted in anemia. The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum albumin level, an increased mean serum cholesterol level and an increased serum glucose level. The male mutant (−/−) mice also exhibited increased body weight. The male (−/−) mice also exhibited an increased mean total tissue mass and lean body mass. The female (−/−) mice showed increased fat percentages and total fat mass (g). Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Hematology Analysis:

Test Description Blood tests are carried out by Abbott's Cell-Dyn 3500R, an automated hematology analyzer. Some of its features include a five-part WBC differential. ‘Patient’ reports can cover over 22 parameters in all.

Results:

Hematology: The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean total red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit level when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical means. The anemia is macrocytic (elevated MCV) and normochromic (normal MCHC) suggestive of a regenerative anemia although there is no notation of reticulocytes. As shown below, serum levels of albumin are decreased-protein loss and anemia are suggestive of chronic hemorrhage. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 6/4/8

These results are related to a phenotype associated with anemia. Thus, PRO16090 polypeptides, agonists thereof or the encoding gene for PRO16090 polypeptides must be essential for normal red blood cell production and as such would be useful in the treatment of blood disorders associated with anemia or a low hematocrit.

(c) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The male mutant (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean body weight when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates.

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Results:

DEXA: The male (−/−) mice exhibited increased mean total tissue mass and lean body mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Female (−/−) mice showed increased fat (%) and fat (g). Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary

These results demonstrate that knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal body measurements. Specifically, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited notably increased total tissue mass and lean body mass and increased body weight and fat (%) and (g) when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggestive of obesity in these mutants. These results are consistent with blood tests wherein elevated cholesterol levels were detected. Thus, PRO16090 polypeptides and/or its encoding gene are essential for normal fat and/or lipid metabolism.

(d) Phenotypic Analysis: Cardiology

In the area of cardiovascular biology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, dyslipidemias such as high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and elevated serum triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), diabetes and/or obesity. The phenotypic tests included the measurement of serum cholesterol and triglycerides.

Blood Lipids

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. High cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride blood levels are recognized risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Measuring blood lipids facilitates the finding of biological switches that regulate blood lipid levels Inhibition of factors which elevate blood lipid levels may be useful for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In these blood chemistry tests, cholesterol measurements were recorded using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche). Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean serum albumin level when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. In addition, the (−/−) mice also exhibited an increased mean scrum cholesterol level when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/5/8

As summarized above, the homozygous (−/−) mutant mice exhibited an increased mean serum cholesterol level when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. No change in triglycerides was observed.

Thus, mutant mice deficient in the PRO16090 can serve as a model for cardiovascular disease especially for those diseases which are associated with an abnormal cholesterol metabolism. PRO16090 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in regulating blood lipids and in particular maintaining normal cholesterol. Thus, PRO16090 polypeptides would be useful in the treatment of such cardiovascular diseases as: hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, and/or obesity or diabetes.

41.34. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA139592-2866 (UNQ5825) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO19644 polypeptides (designated as DNA139592-2866) (UNQ5825) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)020259 or ACCESSTON:NM_(—)020259 NID: 9938019 Mus musculus Mus musculus Hedgehog-interacting protein (Hhip); protein reference: Q9 W U59 or Q9 W U59 Q9 W U59 HEDGEHOG-INTERACTING PROTEIN; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)022475 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)022475 NID:20143972 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens hedgehog interacting protein (HHIP); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q96QV1 or Q96 QV1HEDGEHOG-INTERACTING PROTEIN.

The mouse gene of interest is Hhip (Hedgehog-interacting protein), ortholog of human HHIP. Aliases include Hip, Hip1, hedgehog-interacting, FLJ20992, and hedgehog-interacting protein.

HHIP is a type I plasma membrane protein that binds with hedgehog proteins, which are membrane-anchored extracellular signaling proteins that regulate morphogenesis during embryonic development. HHIP functions as a negative regulator of hedgehog protein signaling. Hedgehog proteins induce HHIP expression in adjacent cells, attenuating further hedgehog signaling by binding with hedgehog proteins and thereby inhibiting activation of its cognate receptors. A soluble form of HHIP has been detected in brain (Chuang and McMahon, Nature; 397(6720):617-21 (1999); Coulombe et al, Mol Cell Neurosci; 25(2):323-33 (2004)).

The biological role of HHIP has been investigated with HHIP knockout mice. Chuang and colleagues; Genes Dev; 17(3):342-7 (2003) showed that in HHIP homozygous null mice, HHIP signaling was upregulated and lung and skeletal development was defective. Moreover, they showed that HHIP modulates early lung branching by a mechanism involving interaction between hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor signaling. They concluded that HHIP is likely involved in modulating hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor signal transduction. Kawahira and colleagues; Development; 130(20):4871-9 (2003)) showed that in HHIP homozygous null mice, pancreas morphogenesis, islet formation, and endocrine cell proliferation was impaired and fibroblast growth factor 10 expression was reduced. They concluded that loss of HHIP function increases hedgehog signaling within the pancreas enlage and decreases fibroblast growth factor signaling at early stages of pancreas development, causing at least part of the observed pancreatic development phenotype.

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 15 19 4 38 Expected 9.5 19 9.5 38 Chi−Sq.=6.37 Significance=0.04141 (hom/n)=0.11 Avg. Litter Size=4

Mutation Type: Retroviral Insertion (OST)

Retroviral insertion occurred in the intron between coding exons 4 and 5 (NCBI accession NM_(—)020259.3). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle, bone, and adipose. Due to lethality, transcript expression analysis was not performed. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by inverse PCR.

41.34.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA139592-2866 (UNQ5825)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) resulted in lethality of (−/−) mutants. The (−/−) mutants were dead at the time of genotyping. The heterozygous (+/−) mice showed a significant increase in mean serum cholesterol. Both female and male (+/−) mice showed increased weight.

Discussion Related to Embryonic Developmental Abnormality of Lethality:

Embryonic lethality in knockout mice usually results from various serious developmental problems including but not limited to neuro-degenerative diseases, angiogenic disorders, inflammatory diseases, or where the gene/protein has an important role in basic cell signaling processes in many cell types. In addition, embryonic lethals are useful as potential cancer models. Likewise, the corresponding heterozygous (+/−) mutant animals are particularly useful when they exhibit a phenotype and/or a pathology report which reveals highly informative clues as to the function of the knocked-out gene. For instance, EPO knockout animals were embryonic lethals, but the pathology reports on the embryos showed a profound lack of RBCs.

(b) Pathology

Microscopic Observations: At 12.5 days, there were 44 embryos observed: 5 (−/−) embyros, 18 (+/−) embryos, 9 (+/+) embryos, 11 resorption moles, and 1 inconclusive. Gene Expression: LacZ activity was not detected in the panel of tissues by immunohistochemical analysis.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 2/1/4

(c) Phenotypic Analysis: Cardiology

In the area of cardiovascular biology, targets were identified herein for the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases, dyslipidemias such as high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and elevated scrum triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), diabetes and/or obesity. The phenotypic tests included the measurement of serum cholesterol and triglycerides.

Blood Lipids

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type and 4 heterozygotes were tested in this assay. High cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride blood levels are recognized risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Measuring blood lipids facilitates the finding of biological switches that regulate blood lipid levels. Inhibition of factors which elevate blood lipid levels may be useful for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In these blood chemistry tests, cholesterol measurements were recorded using the COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche).

Results:

The male heterozygous (+/−) mice exhibited a significant increase in mean serum cholesterol (p=0.01). In addition, both male and female heterozygous (+/−) mice showed increased body weights compared to their wild-type littermates and the historical means.

Thus, mutant mice deficient in the PRO19644 polypeptide encoding gene can serve as a model for cardiovascular disease. PRO19644 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in regulating blood lipids and in particular maintaining normal cholesterol metabolism. Thus PRO19644 polypeptides would be important for the treatment of such cardiovascular diseases as: hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, various coronary artery diseases or diabetes.

41.35. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA176775-2957 (UNQ5982) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO21340 polypeptides (designated as DNA176775-2957) (UNQ5982) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)153397 or Mus musculus a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 32 (Adam32); protein reference: Q8K410 or ACCESSION:Q8K410 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). ADAM32; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)145004. ACCESSION:NM_(—)145004 NID:21450712 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens hypothetical protein MGC26899 (MGC26899); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q8TC27 or ACCESSION:Q8TC27 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Similar to a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 18 (Hypothetical protein MGC26899).

The mouse gene of interest is Adam32 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 32), ortholog of human ADAM32. Aliases include hypothetical protein MGC26899 and “a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 32.”

ADAM32 is a type I plasma membrane protein expressed primarily in testis, possessing disintegrin and metalloprotease domains on the extracellular segment of the molecule (Choi et al, Gene; 304:151-62 (2003)). In general, ADAM family proteins interact with cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins via their disintegrin domain and catalyze the proteolysis and release of proteins, such as growth factors, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and receptors (White et al, Curr Opin Cell Biol; 15(5):598-606 (2003); Duffy et al, Thromb Haemost; 89(4):622-31 (2003)). ADAM32 mRNA is first observed in pachytene spermatocytes during meiotic prophase, suggesting that ADAM32 is involved in sperm development or fertilization (Choi et al, Gene; 304:151-62 (2003); Talbot et al, Biol Reprod; 68(1):1-9 (2003)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 17 35 15 67 Expected 16.75 33.5 16.75 67 Chi−Sq.=0.25 Significance=0.88085 (hom/n)=0.22 Avg. Litter Size=7 Mutation Type: Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 3 through 5 were targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)153397.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except liver, skeletal muscle, and bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.35.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for disrupted gene: DNA 176775-2957 (UNQ5982)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human “a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 32” (ADAM32) resulted in increased total body fat in female homozygous (−/−) and heterozygous (+/−) mice. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Results:

DEXA: The female homozygous (−/−) and heterozygous (+/−) mice exhibited notably increased mean percent total body fat and total fat mass when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

These results indicate that both the homozygous (−/−) and heterozygous (+/−) mice exhibit an obesity type phenotype. These data suggest that the PRO21340 polypeptide encoding gene serves to negatively regulate fat metabolism. Thus, PRO21340 polypeptides and/or its encoding gene are essential for normal fat metabolism and for the prevention of disorders associated with abnormal fat metabolism such as obesity and/or Type II diabetes.

41.36. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA340392 (UNQ17826) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO92165 polypeptides (designated as DNA340392 (UNQ17826) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)030707 or ACCESSION:NM030707 NID: gi 13540504 ref NM_(—)030707.1 Mus musculus macrophage scavenger receptor 2 (Msr2); protein reference: Q9EQY5 or ACCESSION:Q9EQY5 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). MMAN-G PROTEIN PRECURSOR (IFGP2); the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)052939 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)052939 NID: gi 21314763 refNM_(—)052939.2 Homo sapiens Fc receptor-like protein 3 (FCRH3); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q96P31 or ACCESSION:Q96P3 I NID: Homo sapiens (Human). SH2 DOMAIN-CONTAINING PHOSPHATASE ANCHOR PROTEIN 2A.

The mouse gene of interest is Msr2 (macrophage scavenger receptor 2), ortholog of human FCRH3 (Fc receptor-like protein 3). Aliases include IgSR, IFGP2, MMAN-g, 9330158F12, 2810439C17Rik, immunoglobulin scavenger receptor, SPAP2, and SH2 domain-containing phosphatase anchor protein 2.

FCRH3 and mouse ortholog Msr2 are members of a family of proteins structurally related to leukocyte Fc receptors. Whereas mouse ortholog Msr2 is a hypothetical secreted protein expressed primarily in brain, human ortholog FCRH3 is a type I plasma membrane protein expressed primarily in B cells (Guselnikov et al, Immunogenetics; 54(2):87-95 (2002)).

Mouse ortholog Msr2 is composed of a signal peptide, several immunoglobulin-like domains, and a C-terminal scavenger receptor superfamily-related domain (Guselnikov et al, Immunogenetics; 54(2):87-95 (2002)). The function of Msr2 is not known; however, immunoglobulin-like domains (SMART accession SM00410) and scavenger receptor domains (Pfam accession PF00530) are likely to be involved in protein-protein interactions. Msr2 does not appear to compensate for loss-of-function of scavenger receptors Msr1 and CD36, which mediate uptake of modified LDL by macrophages and contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation (Kunjathoor et al, J Biol Chem; 277(51):49982-8 (2002)).

Human ortholog FCRH3 is composed of a signal peptide, several immunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic C-terminus that contains consensus immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating or inhibitory signaling motifs. Tyrosine-phosphorylated FCRII3 associates with protein tyrosine kinases Syk and Zap70 and with protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. Moreover, interaction of SHP-1 with tyrosine phosphorylated FCRH3 stimulates SHP-1 activity. Thus, FCRH3 is likely to function as a receptor, playing a role in B cell function or development (Davis et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 98(17):9772-7 (2001); Xu et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun; 293(3):1037-46 (2002).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F I heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 17 47 26 90 Expected 22.5 45 22.5 90 Chi−Sq.=1.98 Significance=0.37199 (hom/n)=0.29 Avg. Litter Size=9 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 3 through 6 were targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)030707.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except liver and bone. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.36.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for disrupted gene: DNA340392 (UNQ17826)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding macrophage scavenger receptor 2 (Msr2) resulted in larger (−/−) mice with increased mean body weight, mean total tissue mass, lean body mass, percent body fat and total body fat. The (−/−) mice also exhibited a decreased percentage of CD8 cells in the peripheral blood. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The female mutant (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean body weight compared with their gender-matched littermates.

(2) Bone Metabolism: Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical hone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PTXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PTXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Results:

DEXA: The female (−/−) mice exhibited increased mean total tissue mass, lean body mass, fat (%) and fat (g) when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary

These results demonstrate that female knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal body measurements. Specifically, the (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited notably increased total tissue mass, lean body mass, percent body fat, and total fat mass and increased body weight when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggestive of obesity and/or growth related disorders in these mutants. These data suggest that the DNA340392 gene encoding PRO92165 polypeptides serves to regulate growth metabolism. Thus, PRO92165 polypeptides and/or its encoding gene are essential for normal fat and/or lipid metabolism as well as important in maintaining normal growth patterns. In addition, PRO92165 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment or prevention of growth disorders and/or obesity.

(c) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Flourescence-Activated Cell-Sorting (FACS) Analysis

Procedure:

FACS analysis of immune cell composition from peripheral blood was performed including CD4, CD8 and T cell receptor to evaluate T lymphocytes, CD19 for B lymphocytes, CD45 as a leukocyte marker and pan NK for natural killer cells. The FACS analysis was carried out on 2 wild type and 6 homozygous mice and included cells derived from thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph node.

In these studies, analyzed cells were isolated from thymus, peripheral blood, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Flow cytometry was designed to determine the relative proportions of CD4 and CD8 positive T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes in the mononuclear cell population. A Becton-Dickinson FACSCalibur 3-laser FACS machine was used to assess immune status. For Phenotypic Assays and Screening, this machine records CD4+/CD8−, CD8+/CD4−, NK, B cell and monocyte numbers in addition to the CD4+/CD8+ ratio.

The mononuclear cell profile was derived by staining a single sample of lysed peripheral blood from each mouse with a panel of six lineage-specific antibodies: CD45 PerCP, anti-TCRbAPC, CD4 PE, CD8 FITC, pan-NK PE, and CD19 FITC. The two FITC and PE labeled antibodies stain mutually exclusive cell types. The samples were analyzed using a Becton Dickinson FACS Calibur flow cytometer with CellQuest software.

Results:

FACS: The mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean percentage of CD8 cells when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean. Females (but not males) had fewer CD8+ cells in the thymus. Analyzed wt/het/horn: 7/4/8

These results indicate that the homozygous (−/−) knockout mice exhibit a negative immunological phenotype. CD8+ molecules are the co-receptor molecules which cooperate with the T-cell receptor in antigen recognition and in particular specifically bind only to the invariant parts of the MHC class 1 molecule. During antigen recognition, the CD8+ molecules associate on the T-cell surface with components of the T-cell receptor to form the cytotoxic CD8+T-cell. Thus, PRO92165 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be important in the T-cell mediated response involving the MHC class T pathway and would be beneficial in those instances wherein cytotoxic T cells are required in host defense against cytosolic pathogens. In contrast, antagonists or inhibitors of PRO92165 polypeptides, would be expected to mimic a negative phenotype resulting in a deficiency in the mean percentage of CD8+ cells and therefore an MHC class I deficiency would result. One such disease model occurs when there is an almost complete absence of cell-surface MHC class T molecules. Patients with this condition have normal levels of mRNA encoding MHC class 1 molecules and normal levels of production of MHC class I proteins. However, these individuals are immunodeficient, specifically owing to the lack of CD8+T cells. This results in a severe immunodeficiency disease wherein the response to nearly all pathogens is critically suppressed.

41.37. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA340394 (UNQ11831) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO85143 polypeptides (designated as DNA340394) (UNQ11831) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)153090 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)153090 NID: gi 23346512 ref NM_(—)153090.1 Mus musculus IFGP1 (IFGP1); protein reference:Q8R4Y0 or ACCESSION:Q8R4Y0 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). IFGP1; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)052938 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)052938 NID: gi 21361835 ref NM_(—)052938.2 Homo sapiens Fc receptor-like protein 1 (FCRH1); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q96LA6 or ACCESSION:Q96LA6 N1D: Homo sapiens (Human). Fc receptor-like protein 1.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA A230020G22 gene, ortholog of human FCRH1 (Fc receptor-like protein 1). Aliases include Fcrh1, IFGP1, BXMAS1, IRTA5, BXMAS1-like protein 1, and Fc receptor-like protein 1.

FCRH1 is a type I plasma membrane protein that likely functions as a receptor for the Fc region of immunoglobulins. The protein consists of a signal peptide, three immunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane segment, and a 99-amino acid cytoplasmic C terminus, containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMS). FCRH1 is expressed primarily in resting and germinal center B cells and various lymphoid malignancies and is likely to play a role in regulating immune responses (Davis et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 98(17):9772-7 (2001); Miller et al, Blood; 99(8):2662-9 (2002); Guselnikov et al, Immunogenetics; 54(2):87-95 (2002)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 21 38 16 75 Expected 18.75 37.5 18.75 75 Chi−Sq.=0.68 Significance=0.71177 (hom/n)=0.21 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 2 through 6 were targeted (NCBI accession NM_(—)153090.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle, bone, and adipose. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.37.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for disrupted gene: DNA340394 (UNQ 11831)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human Fc receptor-like protein 1 (FCRH1) resulted in abnormal bone-related measurements. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Diagnostics/Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone microCT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT 40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

-   -   Micro-CT: The male mutant (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean         vertebral trabecular bone volume, number, and thickness when         compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the         historical means. The knockout mice also showed a decrease in         midshaft femur cortical thickness compared to wild-type         littermates.         Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

These results indicate that the mutant (−/−) mice showed signs of abnormal bone-related measurements or a negative phenotype related to abnormal bone metabolism with bone loss (decreased volume and thickness in vertebral trabecular) similar to osteoporosis which is characterized by decrease in bone mass and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, it appears that PRO85143 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis. In addition, PRO85143 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful for maintaining bone homeostasis and would be important in bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis; whereas antagonists to PRO85143 polypeptides or its encoding gene would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders including inflammatory diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism such as arthritis or osteoporosis.

41.38. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA60629-1481 (UNQ18919) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1124 polypeptides (designated as DNA60629-1481) (UNQ18919) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: AK033591 or Mus musculus adult male cecum cDNA, RIKEN full-length enriched library, clone:9130020L07 product: weakly similar to CALCIUM-ACTIVATED CHLORIDE CHANNEL PROTEIN 2 [Homo sapiens], full insert sequence; protein reference: XP_(—)131262 or expressed sequence AI504701 [Mus musculus]; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)012128 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)012128 NID: gi 12025666 ref NM_(—)012128.2 Homo sapiens chloride channel, calcium activated, family member 4 (CLCA4); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: Q9UNF7 or ACCESSION:Q9UNF7 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Calcium-activated chloride channel protein 2.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 9130020L07 gene, ortholog of human CLCA4 (chloride channel, calcium activated, family member 4). Aliases include CLCA6, CaCC, CaCC2, hCLCA4, calcium activated chloride channel, and chloride channel calcium activated.

CLCA4 is a chloride channel expressed primarily in epithelia of lung and digestive tract. The protein of about 900 amino acids consists of a signal peptide, a von Willebrand factor domain (located near the middle of the polypeptide), a fibronectin domain (located near the C terminus of the polypeptide), and four hydrophobic segments that are likely to function as transmembrane domains. The CLCA4 polypeptide may undergo proteolytic processing to form subunits of a functional chloride channel. CLCA4 chloride channel activity is stimulated by phosphorylation catalyzed by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Cunningham et al, J Biol Chem; 270(52):31016-26 (1995); Agnel et al, FEBS Lett; 455(3):295-301 (1999); Pauli et al, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol; 27(11):901-5 (2000)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 18 55 21 94 Expected 23.5 47 23.5 94 Chi−Sq.=2.91 Significance=0.23283 (hom/n)=0.22 Avg. Litter Size=9 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession AK033591.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and, among the 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, in brain; cyc; thymus; liver; and stomach, small intestine, and colon. Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.38.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA60629-1481 (UNQ18919)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human chloride channel, calcium activated, family member 4 (CLCA4) resulted in an increased TNF-alpha response to LPS challenge. The mutant (−/−) mice also showed growth abnormalities with decreased mean body weight and length and abnormal bone-related measurements. The homozygous (−/−) mice also showed an enhanced or improved glucose tolerance. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Immunology Phenotypic Analysis

Immune related and inflammatory diseases are the manifestation or consequence of fairly complex, often multiple interconnected biological pathways which in normal physiology are critical to respond to insult or injury, initiate repair from insult or injury, and mount innate and acquired defense against foreign organisms. Disease or pathology occurs when these normal physiological pathways cause additional insult or injury either as directly related to the intensity of the response, as a consequence of abnormal regulation or excessive stimulation, as a reaction to self, or as a combination of these.

Though the genesis of these diseases often involves multistep pathways and often multiple different biological systems/pathways, intervention at critical points in one or more of these pathways can have an ameliorative or therapeutic effect. Therapeutic intervention can occur by either antagonism of a detrimental process/pathway or stimulation of a beneficial process/pathway.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are an important component of a mammalian immune response. T cells recognize antigens which are associated with a self-molecule encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen may be displayed together with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells, grafts, etc. The T cell system eliminates these altered cells which pose a health threat to the host mammal. T cells include helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells proliferate extensively following recognition of an antigen-MHC complex on an antigen presenting cell. Helper T cells also secrete a variety of cytokines, i.e., lymphokines, which play a central role in the activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and a variety of other cells which participate in the immune response.

In many immune responses, inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of injury or infection. The migrating cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic as can be determined by histological examination of the affected tissues. Current Protocols in Immunology, ed. John E. Coligan, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many immune related diseases are known and have been extensively studied. Such diseases include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, immune mediated renal disease, hepatobiliary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and asthma), non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, neoplasia, and graft rejection, etc. In the area of immunology, targets were identified for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders.

In the area of immunology, targets have been identified herein for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. Immune related diseases, in one instance, could be treated by suppressing the immune response. Using neutralizing antibodies that inhibit molecules having immune stimulatory activity would be beneficial in the treatment of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Molecules which inhibit the immune response can be utilized (proteins directly or via the use of antibody agonists) to inhibit the immune response and thus ameliorate immune related disease.

The following tests were performed:

Acute Phase Response:

Test Description: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin, and as such is a potent inducer of an acute phase response and systemic inflammation. The Level I LPS mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a sublethal dose of LPS in 200 L sterile saline using a 26 gauge needle. The doses were based on the average weight of the mice tested at 1 g/g body weight 3 hours after injection; a 100 ul blood sample was then taken and analyzed for the presence of TNFa, MCP-1, and IL-6 on the FACS Calibur instrument.

Results:

The (−/−) mice exhibited an increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to LPS challenge when compared with their (+/+) littermates and the historical mean.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 7/4/8

In summary, the LPS endotoxin challenge demonstrated that knockout mice deficient in the gene encoding PRO1124 polypeptides exhibit immunological abnormalities when compared with their wild-type littermates. In particular, the mutant mice exhibited an increased ability to elicit an immunological response (TNF-alpha production) when challenged with the LPS endotoxin indicating a pronounced proinflammatory response. This suggests that antagonists (inhibitors) of PRO1124 polypeptides would stimulate the immune system and would find utility in the cases wherein this effect would be beneficial to the individual such as in the case of leukemia, and other types of cancer, and in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS sufferers. Accordingly, PRO1124 polypeptides or agonists thereof, would be useful in inhibiting the immune response and would be useful candidates for suppressing harmful immune responses, e.g. in the case of graft rejection or graft-versus-host diseases.

(c) Bone Metabolism & Body Diagnostics

(1) Tissue Mass & Lean Body Mass Measurements—Dexa

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in total tissue mass (TTM).

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI, i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs).

Body Measurements (Body Length & Weight):

Body Measurements: A measurement of body length and weight was performed at approximately 16 weeks of age.

Results:

The female (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased mean body weight and mean body length when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical mean which indicates that the knockout mice show signs of growth retardation. Thus, PRO1124 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in maintaining normal growth and development.

(2) Bone Metabolism & Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone micro CT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: There is a clear difference in total body fat content between control wild-type and homozygous knockout female (−/−) mice but knockout mice are showing normal values and control mice are showing elevated levels (more than normal values). Similar situation is observed in blood triglyceride levels. MicroCT: The male knockouts (−/−) show decreased trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density compared to wild-type littermates, though wild-type mice were higher than the historical means.

(d) Phenotypic Analysis: Metabolism-Blood Chemistry/Glucose Tolerance

In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes blood glucose measurements. The COBAS Integra 400 (mfr: Roche) was used for running blood chemistry tests on the mice. In the area of metabolism, targets may be identified for the treatment of diabetes. Blood chemistry phenotypic analysis includes glucose tolerance tests to measure insulin sensitivity and changes in glucose metabolism. Abnormal glucose tolerance test results may indicate but may not be limited to the following disorders or conditions: Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Syndrome X, various cardiovascular diseases and/or obesity.

Procedure: A cohort of 2 wild type and 4 homozygote mice were used in this assay. The glucose tolerance test is the standard for defining impaired glucose homeostasis in mammals. Glucose tolerance tests were performed using a Lifescan glucometer. Animals were injected IP at 2 g/kg with D-glucose delivered as a 20% solution and blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after injection. Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Results:

Glucose Tolerance Test: The mutant (−/−) mice tested exhibited enhanced glucose tolerance when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates.

Analyzed wt/het/hom: 4/4/8

Summary:

In these studies the mutant (−/−) mice showed an increased or enhanced glucose tolerance in the presence of normal fasting glucose at all 3 intervals tested when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. In addition, hyperinsulinemia was not apparent in the (−/−) mice. Thus, knockout mice exhibited the opposite phenotypic pattern of an impaired glucose homeostasis, with an increased insulin sensitivity and as such antagonists to PRO1124 polypeptides or its encoding gene would be useful in the treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis and/or various cardiovascular diseases.

41.39. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA59613-1417 (UNQ511) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO1026 polypeptides (designated as DNA59613-1417) (UNQ511) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: BC026828 or ACCESSION:BC026828 NID:20072424 Mus musculus Mus musculus, similar to RIKEN cDNA 2210415F13 gene, clone MGC:25895 IMAGE:4218333; protein reference: Q9D7S0 or ACCESSION:Q9D7S0 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). 2210415F13RIK PROTEIN. MOUSESPTRNRDB; the human gene sequence reference: AY358469 or Homo sapiens clone DNA59613 phospholipase inhibitor (UNQ511); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: AAQ88833. ACCESSION:AAQ88833 NID: Homo sapiens (Human). Phospholipase inhibitor.

The mouse gene of interest is RIKEN cDNA 2210415F13 gene, ortholog of human “clone DNA59613 phospholipase inhibitor (UNQ511) mRNA.” The gene of interest encodes a putative secreted protein containing a phospholipase A2 inhibitor domain (Pfam accession PF02988) and an overlapping CD59 antigen domain (InterPro accession IPR001526). Proteins with phospholipase A2 inhibitor and CD59 antigen domains are present in habu snake (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) serum and inhibit habu snake venom phospholipase A2 isozymes (Nobuhisa et al, Eur J Biochem; 249(3):838-45 (1997)). The biological role of this protein in mouse and human is not known.

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 20 33 20 73 Expected 18.25 36.5 18.25 73 Chi−Sq.=0.67 Significance=0.71490 (hom/n)=0.27 Avg. Litter Size=7 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exons 1 and 2 were targeted (NCBI accession AK008940.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except spleen, lung, and skeletal muscle. QC Expression: Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.39.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for Disrupted Gene: DNA59613-1417 (UNQ511)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human “clone DNA59613 phospholipase inhibitor (UNQ511) mRNA” resulted in a decrease in bone mineral content. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Results:

The female (−/−) mice exhibited a decreased bone mineral content. These results demonstrate that female knockout mutant mice exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with decreased bone mineral content (loss) similar to osteoporosis characterized by decrease in bone mass and possibly fragility leading to bone fractures. Thus, PRO1026 polypeptides would be useful in maintaining bone homeostasis and would be useful for bone healing or for the treatment of arthritis or osteoporosis, whereas antagonists or inhibitors of PRO1026 polypeptides or its encoding DNA would lead to abnormal or pathological bone disorders similar to osteoporosis.

41.40. Generation and Analysis of Mice Comprising DNA193963 (UNQ8344) Gene Disruptions

In these knockout experiments, the gene encoding PRO23370 polypeptides (designated as DNA193963) (UNQ8344) was disrupted. The gene specific information for these studies is as follows: the mutated mouse gene corresponds to nucleotide reference: NM_(—)183031 or Mus musculus Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2 (EBI2); protein reference: Q7TMV7 or ACCESSION:Q7TMV7 NID: Mus musculus (Mouse). Hypothetical protein; the human gene sequence reference: NM_(—)004951 or ACCESSION:NM_(—)004951 NID:14577915 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2 (lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled receptor) (EBI2); the human protein sequence corresponds to reference: P32249 or EBI2_HUMAN P32249 EBV-INDUCED G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR.

The mouse gene of interest is Ebi2 (Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2), ortholog of human EBI2 (Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2 [lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled receptor]).

EBI2 is a G protein-coupled receptor of the rhodopsin family that is expressed in B lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Expression of EBI2 is also detected in promyelocytic cell lines, monocytic cell lines, pokeweed mitogen-stimulated B cells, spleen, tonsil, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and lung. The ligand and downstream signaling pathways for this receptor are not known; however, EBI2 is most similar structurally to F2R (coagulation factor II [thrombin] receptor) (Birkenbach et al, J Virol; 67(4):2209-20 (1993)). EBI2 may be involved in cell migration (Cahir-McFarland et al, J Virol; 78(8):4108-19 (2004)).

Targeted or gene trap mutations are generated in strain 129SvEv^(Brd)-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells. The chimeric mice were bred to C57BL/6J albino mice to generate F1 heterozygous animals. These progeny were intercrossed to generate F2 wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant progeny. On rare occasions, for example when very few F1 mice are obtained from the chimera, F1 heterozygous mice are crossed to 129SvEv^(Brd)/C57 hybrid mice to yield additional heterozygous animals for the intercross to generate the F2 mice. Level I phenotypic analysis was performed on mice from this generation

wt het hom Total Observed 15 46 15 76 Expected 19 38 19 76 Chi−Sq.=3.37 Significance=0.18559 (hom/n)=0.20 Avg. Litter Size=8 Mutation Type Homologous Recombination (standard) Coding exon 1 was targeted (NCBI accession AK087951.1). Wild-type Expression Panel: Expression of the target gene was detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in all 13 adult tissue samples tested by RT-PCR, except skeletal muscle and bone. QC Expression: Disruption of the target gene was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis.

41.40.1. Phenotypic Analysis (for disrupted gene: DNA193963 (UNQ8344)

(a) Overall Phenotypic Summary:

Mutation of the gene encoding the ortholog of human Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2 (lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled receptor) (EBI2) resulted in abnormal bone-related measurements. Gene disruption was confirmed by Southern blot.

(b) Bone Metabolism & Radiology Phenotypic Analysis

In the area of bone metabolism, targets were identified herein for the treatment of arthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia and osteopetrosis as well as identifying targets that promote bone healing. Tests included:

-   -   DEXA for measurement of bone mineral density on femur and         vertebra     -   MicroCT for very high resolution and very high sensitivity         measurements of bone mineral density for both trabecular and         cortical bone.

Dexa Analysis—Test Description:

Procedure: A cohort of 4 wild type, 4 heterozygotes and 8 homozygotes were tested in this assay. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used successfully to identify changes in bone. Anesthetized animals were examined and bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/LBM ratios, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), total body BMD, femur BMD and vertebra BMD were measured.

The mouse was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (1.25% 2,2,2,-tribromoethanol, 20 ml/kg body weight), body length and weight were measured, and then the mouse was placed in a prone position on the platform of the PIXImus™ Densitometer (Lunar Inc.) for a DEXA scan. Using Lunar PIXImus software, the bone mineral density (BMD) and fat composition (% fat) and total tissue mass (TTM) were determined in the regions of interest (ROI) [i.e., whole body, vertebrae, and both femurs].

Bone micro CT Analysis:

Procedure: MicroCT was also used to get very sensitive measurements of BMD. One vertebra and 1 femur were taken from a cohort of 4 wild type and 8 homozygous mice. Measurements were taken of lumbar 5 vertebra trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, connectivity density and midshaft femur total bone area and cortical thickness. The μCT40 scans provided detailed information on bone mass and architecture. Multiple bones were placed into sample holders and scanned automatically. Instrument software was used to select regions of interest for analysis. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed in the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) at 16 micrometer resolution and cortical bone parameters were analyzed in the femur midshaft at a resolution of 20 micrometers.

Results:

DEXA: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased bone mineral density measurements when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means. Micro-CT: The male (−/−) mice exhibited decreased trabecular bone volume (1 standard deviation), number and connectivity density when compared with their gender-matched (+/+) littermates and the historical means.

Summary:

The male (−/−) mice analyzed by DEXA exhibited decreased bone measurements when compared with their (+/+) littermates, suggestive of abnormal bone disorders. These observations suggest that male mutant mice deficient in the gene which encodes PRO23370 polypeptides leads to metabolic disorders associated with abnormal bone measurements. Thus, PRO23370 polypeptides or agonists thereof would be useful in the treatment or prevention of bone-related disorders.

Example 42 Use of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 as a Hybridization Probe

The following method describes use of a nucleotide sequence encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide as a hybridization probe.

DNA comprising the coding sequence of full-length or mature PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides as disclosed herein is employed as a probe to screen for homologous DNAs (such as those encoding naturally-occurring variants of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides) in human tissue cDNA libraries or human tissue genomic libraries.

Hybridization and washing of filters containing either library DNAs is performed under the following high stringency conditions. Hybridization of radiolabeled PRO194-, PRO220-, PRO241-, PRO284-, PRO331-, PRO354-, PRO355-, PRO533-, PRO541-, PRO725-, PRO937-, PRO1014-, PRO1120-, PRO1182-, PRO1325-, PRO1382-, PRO1410-, PRO1555-, PRO1556-, PRO1760-, PRO1787-, PRO1868-, PRO4326-, PRO4332-, PRO4346-, PRO4400-, PRO6003-, PRO6094-, PRO6244-, PRO9820-, PRO9828-, PRO10274-, PRO16090-, PRO19644-, PRO21340-, PRO92165-, PRO85143-, PRO1124-, PRO1026- or PRO23370-derived probe to the filters is performed in a solution of 50% formamide, 5×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 2×Denhardt's solution, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42° C. for 20 hours. Washing of the filters is performed in an aqueous solution of 0.1×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 42° C.

DNAs having a desired sequence identity with the DNA encoding full-length native sequence PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides can then be identified using standard techniques known in the art.

Example 43 Expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 in E. coli

This example illustrates preparation of an unglycosylated form of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides by recombinant expression in E. coli.

The DNA sequence encoding a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide is initially amplified using selected PCR primers. The primers should contain restriction enzyme sites which correspond to the restriction enzyme sites on the selected expression vector. A variety of expression vectors may be employed. An example of a suitable vector is pBR322 (derived from E. coli; see Bolivar et al., Gene, 2:95 (1977)) which contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance. The vector is digested with restriction enzyme and dephosphorylated. The PCR amplified sequences are then ligated into the vector. The vector will preferably include sequences which encode for an antibiotic resistance gene, a trp promoter, a polyhis leader (including the first six STH codons, polyhis sequence, and enterokinase cleavage site), the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 coding region, lambda transcriptional terminator, and an argU gene.

The ligation mixture is then used to transform a selected E. coli strain using the methods described in Sambrook et al., supra. Transformants are identified by their ability to grow on LB plates and antibiotic resistant colonies are then selected. Plasmid DNA can be isolated and confirmed by restriction analysis and DNA sequencing.

Selected clones can be grown overnight in liquid culture medium such as LB broth supplemented with antibiotics. The overnight culture may subsequently be used to inoculate a larger scale culture. The cells are then grown to a desired optical density, during which the expression promoter is turned on.

After culturing the cells for several more hours, the cells can be harvested by centrifugation. The cell pellet obtained by the centrifugation can be solubilized using various agents known in the art, and the solubilized PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 protein can then be purified using a metal chelating column under conditions that allow tight binding of the protein.

PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 may be expressed in E. coli in a poly-His tagged form, using the following procedure. The DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 is initially amplified using selected PCR primers. The primers will contain restriction enzyme sites which correspond to the restriction enzyme sites on the selected expression vector, and other useful sequences providing for efficient and reliable translation initiation, rapid purification on a metal chelation column, and proteolytic removal with enterokinase. The PCR-amplified, poly-His tagged sequences are then ligated into an expression vector, which is used to transform an E. coli host based on strain 52 (W3110 fuhA(tonA) Ion galE rpoHts(htpRts) clpP(lacIq). Transformants are first grown in LB containing 50 mg/ml carbenicillin at 30° C. with shaking until an O.D. 600 of 3-5 is reached. Cultures are then diluted 50-100 fold into CRAP media (prepared by mixing 3.57 g (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.71 g sodium citrate.2H2O, 1.07 g KCl, 5.36 g Difco yeast extract, 5.36 g Sheffield hycase SF in 500 mL, water, as well as 110 mM MPOS, pH 7.3, 0.55% (w/v) glucose and 7 mN MgSO₄) and grown for approximately 20-30 hours at 30° C. with shaking. Samples are removed to verify expression by SDS-PAGE analysis, and the bulk culture is centrifuged to pellet the cells. Cell pellets are frozen until purification and refolding.

E. coli paste from 0.5 to 1 L fermentations (6-10 g pellets) is resuspended in 10 volumes (w/v) in 7 M guanidine, 20 mM Tris, pH 8 buffer. Solid sodium sulfite and sodium tetrathionate is added to make final concentrations of 0.1M and 0.02 M, respectively, and the solution is stirred overnight at 4° C. This step results in a denatured protein with all cysteine residues blocked by sulfitolization. The solution is centrifuged at 40,000 rpm in a Beckman Ultracentifuge for 30 min. The supernatant is diluted with 3-5 volumes of metal chelate column buffer (6 M guanidine, 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4) and filtered through 0.22 micron filters to clarify. The clarified extract is loaded onto a 5 ml Qiagen Ni-NTA metal chelate column equilibrated in the metal chelate column buffer. The column is washed with additional buffer containing 50 mM imidazole (Calbiochem, Utrol grade), pH 7.4. The protein is eluted with buffer containing 250 mM imidazole. Fractions containing the desired protein are pooled and stored at 4° C. Protein concentration is estimated by its absorbance at 280 nm using the calculated extinction coefficient based on its amino acid sequence.

The proteins are refolded by diluting the sample slowly into freshly prepared refolding buffer consisting of 20 mM Tris, pH 8.6, 0.3 M NaCl, 2.5 M urea, 5 mM cysteine, 20 mM glycine and 1 mM EDTA. Refolding volumes are chosen so that the final protein concentration is between 50 to 100 micrograms/ml. The refolding solution is stirred gently at 4° C. for 12-36 hours. The refolding reaction is quenched by the addition of TFA to a final concentration of 0.4% (pH of approximately 3). Before further purification of the protein, the solution is filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and acetonitrile is added to 2-10% final concentration. The refolded protein is chromatographed on a Poros R1/H reversed phase column using a mobile buffer of 0.1% TFA with elution with a gradient of acetonitrile from 10 to 80%. Aliquots of fractions with A280 absorbance are analyzed on SDS polyacrylamide gels and fractions containing homogeneous refolded protein are pooled. Generally, the properly refolded species of most proteins are eluted at the lowest concentrations of acetonitrile since those species are the most compact with their hydrophobic interiors shielded from interaction with the reversed phase resin. Aggregated species are usually eluted at higher acetonitrile concentrations. In addition to resolving misfolded forms of proteins from the desired form, the reversed phase step also removes endotoxin from the samples.

Fractions containing the desired folded PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide are pooled and the acetonitrile removed using a gentle stream of nitrogen directed at the solution. Proteins are formulated into 20 mM Hepes, pH 6.8 with 0.14 M sodium chloride and 4% mannitol by dialysis or by gel filtration using G25 Superfine (Pharmacia) resins equilibrated in the formulation buffer and sterile filtered.

Example 44 Expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 in Mammalian Cells

This example illustrates preparation of a potentially glycosylated form of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide by recombinant expression in mammalian cells.

The vector, pRK5 (see EP 307,247, published Mar. 15, 1989), is employed as the expression vector. Optionally, the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 DNA is ligated into pRK5 with selected restriction enzymes to allow insertion of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 DNA using ligation methods such as described in Sambrook et al., supra. The resulting vector is called pRK5-PRO194, pRK5-PRO220, pRK5-PRO241, pRK5-PRO284, pRK5-PRO331, pRK5-PRO354, pRK5-PRO355, pRK5-PRO533, pRK5-PRO541, pRK5-PRO725, pRK5-PRO937, pRK5-PRO1014, pRK5-PRO1120, pRK5-PRO1182, pRK5-PRO1325, pRK5-PRO1382, pRK5-PRO1410, pRK5-PRO1555, pRK5-PRO1556, pRK5-PRO1760, pRK5-PRO1787, pRK5-PRO1868, pRK5-PRO4326, pRK5-PRO4332, pRK5-PRO4346, pRK5-PRO4400, pRK5-PRO6003, pRK5-PRO6094, pRK5-PRO6244, pRK5-PRO9820, pRK5-PRO9828, pRK5-PRO10274, pRK5-PRO16090, pRK5-PRO19644, pRK5-PRO21340, pRK5-PRO92165, pRK5-PRO85143, pRK5-PRO1124, pRK5-PRO1026 or pRK5-23370.

The selected host cells may be 293 cells. Human 293 cells (ATCC CCL 1573) are grown to confluence in tissue culture plates in medium such as DMEM supplemented with fetal calf serum and optionally, nutrient components and/or antibiotics. About 10 μg pRK5-PRO194, pRK5-PRO220, pRK5-PRO241, pRK5-PRO284, pRK5-PRO331, pRK5-PRO354, pRK5-PRO355, pRK5-PRO533, pRK5-PRO541, pRK5-PRO725, pRK5-PRO937, pRK5-PRO1014, pRK5-PRO1120, pRK5-PRO1182, pRK5-PRO1325, pRK5-PRO1382, pRK5-PRO1410, pRK5-PRO1555, pRK5-PRO1556, pRK5-PRO1760, pRK5-PRO1787, pRK5-PRO1868, pRK5-PRO4326, pRK5-PRO4332, pRK5-PRO4346, pRK5-PRO4400, pRK5-PRO6003, pRK5-PRO6094, pRK5-PRO6244, pRK5-PRO9820, pRK5-PRO9828, pRK5-PRO10274, pRK5-PRO16090, pRK5-PRO19644, pRK5-PRO21340, pRK5-PRO92165, pRK5-PRO85143, pRK5-PRO1124, pRK5-PRO1026 or pRK5-23370 DNA is mixed with about 1 μg DNA encoding the VA RNA gene [Thimmappaya et al., Cell, 31:543 (1982)] and dissolved in 500 μl of 1 mM Tris-HCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.227 M CaCl₂. To this mixture is added, dropwise, 500 μl of 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.35), 280 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM NaPO₄, and a precipitate is allowed to form for 10 minutes at 25° C. The precipitate is suspended and added to the 293 cells and allowed to settle for about four hours at 37° C. The culture medium is aspirated off and 2 ml of 20% glycerol in PBS is added for 30 seconds. The 293 cells are then washed with serum free medium, fresh medium is added and the cells are incubated for about 5 days.

Approximately 24 hours after the transfections, the culture medium is removed and replaced with culture medium (alone) or culture medium containing 200 μCi/mI ³⁵S-cysteine and 200 μCi/mI ³⁵S-methionine. After a 12 hour incubation, the conditioned medium is collected, concentrated on a spin filter, and loaded onto a 15% SDS gel. The processed gel may be dried and exposed to film for a selected period of time to reveal the presence of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides. The cultures containing transfected cells may undergo further incubation (in serum free medium) and the medium is tested in selected bioassays.

In an alternative technique, PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 may be introduced into 293 cells transiently using the dextran sulfate method described by Somparyrac et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 12:7575 (1981). 293 cells are grown to maximal density in a spinner flask and 700 μg pRK5-PRO194, pRK5-PRO220, pRK5-PRO241, pRK5-PRO284, pRK5-PRO331, pRK5-PRO354, pRK5-PRO355, pRK5-PRO533, pRK5-PRO541, pRK5-PRO725, pRK5-PRO937, pRK5-PRO1014, pRK5-PRO1120, pRK5-PRO1182, pRK5-PRO1325, pRK5-PRO1382, pRK5-PRO1410, pRK5-PRO1555, pRK5-PRO1556, pRK5-PRO1760, pRK5-PRO1787, pRK5-PRO1868, pRK5-PRO4326, pRK5-PRO4332, pRK5-PRO4346, pRK5-PRO4400, pRK5-PRO6003, pRK5-PRO6094, pRK5-PRO6244, pRK5-PRO9820, pRK5-PRO9828, pRK5-PRO10274, pRK5-PRO16090, pRK5-PRO19644, pRK5-PRO21340, pRK5-PRO92165, pRK5-PRO85143, pRK5-PRO1124, pRK5-PRO1026 or pRK5-PRO23370 DNA is added. The cells are first concentrated from the spinner flask by centrifugation and washed with PBS. The DNA-dextran precipitate is incubated on the cell pellet for four hours. The cells are treated with 20% glycerol for 90 seconds, washed with tissue culture medium, and re-introduced into the spinner flask containing tissue culture medium, 5 μg/ml bovine insulin and 0.1 μg/ml bovine transferrin. After about four days, the conditioned media is centrifuged and filtered to remove cells and debris. The sample containing expressed PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method, such as dialysis and/or column chromatography.

PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can be expressed in CHO cells. The pRK5-PRO194, pRK5-PRO220, pRK5-PRO241, pRK5-PRO284, pRK5-PRO331, pRK5-PRO354, pRK5-PRO355, pRK5-PRO533, pRK5-PRO541, pRK5-PRO725, pRK5-PRO937, pRK5-PRO1014, pRK5-PRO1120, pRK5-PRO1182, pRK5-PRO1325, pRK5-PRO1382, pRK5-PRO1410, pRK5-PRO1555, pRK5-PRO1556, pRK5-PRO1760, pRK5-PRO1787, pRK5-PRO1868, pRK5-PRO4326, pRK5-PRO4332, pRK5-PRO4346, pRK5-PRO4400, pRK5-PRO6003, pRK5-PRO6094, pRK5-PRO6244, pRK5-PRO9820, pRK5-PRO9828, pRK5-PRO10274, pRK5-PRO16090, pRK5-PRO19644, pRK5-PRO21340, pRK5-PRO92165, pRK5-PRO85143, pRK5-PRO1124, pRK5-PRO1026 or pRK5-PRO23370 can be transfected into CHO cells using known reagents such as CaPO₄ or DEAE-dextran. As described above, the cell cultures can be incubated, and the medium replaced with culture medium (alone) or medium containing a radiolabel such as ³⁵S-methionine. After determining the presence of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the culture medium may be replaced with serum free medium. Preferably, the cultures are incubated for about 6 days, and then the conditioned medium is harvested. The medium containing the expressed PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method.

Epitope-tagged PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 may also be expressed in host CHO cells. The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 may be subcloned out of the pRK5 vector. The subclone insert can undergo PCR to fuse in frame with a selected epitope tag such as a poly-his tag into a Baculovirus expression vector. The poly-his tagged PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 insert can then be subcloned into a SV40 driven vector containing a selection marker such as DHFR for selection of stable clones. Finally, the CHO cells can be transfected (as described above) with the SV40 driven vector. Labeling may be performed, as described above, to verify expression. The culture medium containing the expressed poly-His tagged PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method, such as by Ni²⁺-chelate affinity chromatography.

PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 may also be expressed in CHO and/or COS cells by a transient expression procedure or in CHO cells by another stable expression procedure.

Stable expression in CHO cells is performed using the following procedure. The proteins are expressed as an IgG construct (immunoadhesin), in which the coding sequences for the soluble forms (e.g. extracellular domains) of the respective proteins are fused to an IgG1 constant region sequence containing the hinge, CH2 and CH2 domains and/or is a poly-His tagged form.

Following PCR amplification, the respective DNAs are subcloned in a CHO expression vector using standard techniques as described in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols of Molecular Biology, Unit 3.16, John Wiley and Sons (1997). CHO expression vectors are constructed to have compatible restriction sites 5′ and 3′ of the DNA of interest to allow the convenient shuttling of cDNA's. The vector used expression in CHO cells is as described in Lucas et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 24:9 (1774-1779 (1996), and uses the SV40 early promoter/enhancer to drive expression of the cDNA of interest and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). DHFR expression permits selection for stable maintenance of the plasmid following transfection.

Twelve micrograms of the desired plasmid DNA is introduced into approximately 10 million CHO cells using commercially available transfection reagents Superfect® (Qiagen), Dosper® or Fugene® (Boehringer Mannheim). The cells are grown as described in Lucas et al., supra. Approximately 3×10⁷ cells are frozen in an ampule for further growth and production as described below.

The ampules containing the plasmid DNA are thawed by placement into water bath and mixed by vortexing. The contents are pipetted into a centrifuge tube containing 10 mLs of media and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant is aspirated and the cells are resuspended in 10 mL of selective media (0.2 filtered PS20 with 5% 0.2 μm diafiltered fetal bovine serum). The cells are then aliquoted into a 100 mL spinner containing 90 mL of selective media. After 1-2 days, the cells are transferred into a 250 mL spinner filled with 150 mL selective growth medium and incubated at 37° C. After another 2-3 days, 250 mL, 500 mL and 2000 mL spinners are seeded with 3×10⁵ cells/mL. The cell media is exchanged with fresh media by centrifugation and resuspension in production medium. Although any suitable CHO media may be employed, a production medium described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,469, issued Jun. 16, 1992 may actually be used. A 3 L production spinner is seeded at 1.2×10⁶ cells/mL. On day 0, the cell number pH ie determined. On day 1, the spinner is sampled and sparging with filtered air is commenced. On day 2, the spinner is sampled, the temperature shifted to 33° C., and 30 mL of 500 g/L glucose and 0.6 mL of 10% antifoam (e.g., 35% polydimethylsiloxane emulsion, Dow Corning 365 Medical Grade Emulsion) taken. Throughout the production, the pH is adjusted as necessary to keep it at around 7.2. After 10 days, or until the viability dropped below 70%, the cell culture is harvested by centrifugation and filtering through a 0.22 μm filter. The filtrate was either stored at 4° C. or immediately loaded onto columns for purification.

For the poly-His tagged constructs, the proteins are purified using a Ni-NTA column (Qiagen). Before purification, imidazole is added to the conditioned media to a concentration of 5 mM. The conditioned media is pumped onto a 6 ml Ni-NTA column equilibrated in 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, buffer containing 0.3 M NaCl and 5 mM imidazole at a flow rate of 4-5 ml/min at 4° C. After loading, the column is washed with additional equilibration buffer and the protein eluted with equilibration buffer containing 0.25 M imidazole. The highly purified protein is subsequently desalted into a storage butler containing 10 mM Hepes, 0.14 M NaCl and 4% mannitol, pH 6.8, with a 25 ml G25 Superfine (Pharmacia) column and stored at −80° C.

Immunoadhesin (Fc-containing) constructs are purified from the conditioned media as follows. The conditioned medium is pumped onto a 5 ml Protein A column (Pharmacia) which had been equilibrated in 20 mM Na phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. After loading, the column is washed extensively with equilibration buffer before elution with 100 mM citric acid, pH 3.5. The eluted protein is immediately neutralized by collecting 1 ml fractions into tubes containing 275 μL of 1 M Tris buffer, pH 9. The highly purified protein is subsequently desalted into storage buffer as described above for the poly-His tagged proteins. The homogeneity is assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gels and by N-terminal amino acid sequencing by Edman degradation.

Example 45 Expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 in Yeast

The following method describes recombinant expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 in yeast.

First, yeast expression vectors are constructed for intracellular production or secretion of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 from the ADH2/GAPDH promoter. DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 and the promoter is inserted into suitable restriction enzyme sites in the selected plasmid to direct intracellular expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370. For secretion, DNA encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can be cloned into the selected plasmid, together with DNA encoding the ADH2/GAPDH promoter, a native PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 signal peptide or other mammalian signal peptide, or, for example, a yeast alpha-factor or invertase secretory signal/leader sequence, and linker sequences (if needed) for expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370.

Yeast cells, such as yeast strain AB110, can then be transformed with the expression plasmids described above and cultured in selected fermentation media. The transformed yeast supernatants can be analyzed by precipitation with 10% trichloroacetic acid and separation by SDS-PAGE, followed by staining of the gels with Coomassic Blue stain.

Recombinant PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can subsequently be isolated and purified by removing the yeast cells from the fermentation medium by centrifugation and then concentrating the medium using selected cartridge filters. The concentrate containing PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 may further be purified using selected column chromatography resins.

Example 46 Expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 in Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells

The following method describes recombinant expression of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 in Baculovirus-infected insect cells.

The sequence coding for PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 is fused upstream of an epitope tag contained within a baculovirus expression vector. Such epitope tags include poly-his tags and immunoglobulin tags (like Fc regions of IgG). A variety of plasmids may be employed, including plasmids derived from commercially available plasmids such as pVL1393 (Novagen). Briefly, the sequence encoding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 or the desired portion of the coding sequence of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 such as the sequence encoding the extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein or the sequence encoding the mature protein if the protein is extracellular is amplified by PCR with primers complementary to the 5′ and 3′ regions. The 5′ primer may incorporate flanking (selected) restriction enzyme sites. The product is then digested with those selected restriction enzymes and subcloned into the expression vector.

Recombinant baculovirus is generated by co-transfecting the above plasmid and BaculoGold™ virus DNA (Pharmingen) into Spodoptera frugiperda (“Sf9”) cells (ATCC CRL 1711) using lipofectin (commercially available from GIBCO-BRL). After 4-5 days of incubation at 28° C., the released viruses are harvested and used for further amplifications. Viral infection and protein expression are performed as described by O'Reilley et al., Baculovirus expression vectors: A Laboratory Manual, Oxford: Oxford University Press (1994).

Expressed poly-his tagged PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can then be purified, for example, by Ni²⁺-chelate affinity chromatography as follows. Extracts are prepared from recombinant virus-infected Sf9 cells as described by Rupert et al., Nature, 362:175-179 (1993). Briefly, Sf9 cells are washed, resuspended in sonication buffer (25 mL Hepes, pH 7.9; 12.5 mM MgCl₂; 0.1 mM EDTA; 10% glycerol; 0.1% NP-40; 0.4 M KCl), and sonicated twice for 20 seconds on ice. The sonicates are cleared by centrifugation, and the supernatant is diluted 50-fold in loading buffer (50 mM phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 7.8) and filtered through a 0.45 μm filter. A Ni²⁺-NTA agarose column (commercially available from Qiagen) is prepared with a bed volume of 5 mL, washed with 25 mL of water and equilibrated with 25 mL of loading buffer. The filtered cell extract is loaded onto the column at 0.5 mL per minute. The column is washed to baseline A₂₈₀ with loading buffer, at which point fraction collection is started. Next, the column is washed with a secondary wash buffer (50 mM phosphate; 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 6.0), which elutes nonspecifically bound protein. After reaching A₂₈₀ baseline again, the column is developed with a 0 to 500 mM Imidazole gradient in the secondary wash buffer. One mL fractions are collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining or Western blot with Ni²⁺-NTA-conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (Qiagen). Fractions containing the eluted His₁₀-tagged PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 are pooled and dialyzed against loading buffer.

Alternatively, purification of the IgG tagged (or Fc tagged) PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 can be performed using known chromatography techniques, including for instance, Protein A or protein G column chromatography.

Example 47 Tissue Expression Profiling Using GeneExpress®

A proprietary database containing gene expression information (GeneExpress®, Gene Logic Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) was analyzed in an attempt to identify polypeptides (and their encoding nucleic acids) whose expression is significantly upregulated in a particular tumor tissue(s) of interest as compared to other tumor(s) and/or normal tissues. Specifically, analysis of the GeneExpress® database was conducted using either software available through Gene Logic Inc., Gaithersburg, Md., for use with the GeneExpress® database or with proprietary software written and developed at Genentech, Inc. for use with the GeneExpress® database. The rating of positive hits in the analysis is based upon several criteria including, for example, tissue specificity, tumor specificity and expression level in normal essential and/or normal proliferating tissues. The following is a list of molecules whose tissue expression profile as determined from an analysis of the GeneExpress® database evidences high tissue expression and significant upregulation of expression in a specific tumor or tumors as compared to other tumor(s) and/or normal tissues and optionally relatively low expression in normal essential and/or normal proliferating tissues. Tissue expression profiling was performed on several UNQ genes the results of which are disclosed in Example 41.

Example 48 Microarray Analysis to Detect Upregulation of UNQ Genes in Cancerous Tumors

Nucleic acid microarrays, often containing thousands of gene sequences, are useful for identifying differentially expressed genes in diseased tissues as compared to their normal counterparts. Using nucleic acid microarrays, test and control mRNA samples from test and control tissue samples are reverse transcribed and labeled to generate cDNA probes. The cDNA probes are then hybridized to an array of nucleic acids immobilized on a solid support. The array is configured such that the sequence and position of each member of the array is known. For example, a selection of genes known to be expressed in certain disease states may be arrayed on a solid support. Hybridization of a labeled probe with a particular array member indicates that the sample from which the probe was derived expresses that gene. If the hybridization signal of a probe from a test (disease tissue) sample is greater than hybridization signal of a probe from a control (normal tissue) sample, the gene or genes overexpressed in the disease tissue are identified. The implication of this result is that an overexpressed protein in a diseased tissue is useful not only as a diagnostic marker for the presence of the disease condition, but also as a therapeutic target for treatment of the disease condition.

The methodology of hybridization of nucleic acids and microarray technology is well known in the art. In one example, the specific preparation of nucleic acids for hybridization and probes, slides, and hybridization conditions are all detailed in PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US01/10482, filed on Mar. 30, 2001 and which is herein incorporated by reference.

In the present example, cancerous tumors derived from various human tissues were studied for upregulated gene expression relative to cancerous tumors from different tissue types and/or non-cancerous human tissues in an attempt to identify those polypeptides which are overexpressed in a particular cancerous tumor(s). In certain experiments, cancerous human tumor tissue and non-cancerous human tumor tissue of the same tissue type (often from the same patient) were obtained and analyzed for UNQ polypeptide expression. Additionally, cancerous human tumor tissue from any of a variety of different human tumors was obtained and compared to a “universal” epithelial control sample which was prepared by pooling non-cancerous human tissues of epithelial origin, including liver, kidney, and lung. mRNA isolated from the pooled tissues represents a mixture of expressed gene products from these different tissues. Microarray hybridization experiments using the pooled control samples generated a linear plot in a 2-color analysis. The slope of the line generated in a 2-color analysis was then used to normalize the ratios of (test:control detection) within each experiment. The normalized ratios from various experiments were then compared and used to identify clustering of gene expression. Thus, the pooled “universal control” sample not only allowed effective relative gene expression determinations in a simple 2-sample comparison, it also allowed multi-sample comparisons across several experiments.

In the present experiments, nucleic acid probes derived from the herein described UNQ polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid sequences were used in the creation of the microarray and RNA from various tumor tissues were used for the hybridization thereto. Below is shown the results of these experiments, demonstrating that various UNQ polypeptides of the present invention are significantly overexpressed in various human tumor tissues as compared to their normal counterpart tissue(s). Moreover, all of the molecules shown below are significantly overexpressed in their specific tumor tissue(s) as compared to in the “universal” epithelial control. As described above, these data demonstrate that the UNQ polypeptides of the present invention are useful not only as diagnostic markers for the presence of one or more cancerous tumors, but also serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of those tumors. Microarray analysis was performed on several UNQ genes the results of which are disclosed in Example 41.

Example 49 Quantitative Analysis of UNQ mRNA Expression

In this assay, a 5′ nuclease assay (for example, TaqMan®) and real-time quantitative PCR (for example, ABI Prizm 7700 Sequence Detection System® (Perkin Elmer, Applied Biosystems Division, Foster City, Calif.)), were used to find genes that are significantly overexpressed in a cancerous tumor or tumors as compared to other cancerous tumors or normal non-cancerous tissue. The 5′ nuclease assay reaction is a fluorescent PCR-based technique which makes use of the 5′ exonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase enzyme to monitor gene expression in real time. Two oligonucleotide primers (whose sequences are based upon the gene or EST sequence of interest) are used to generate an amplicon typical of a PCR reaction. A third oligonucleotide, or probe, is designed to detect nucleotide sequence located between the two PCR primers. The probe is non-extendible by Taq DNA polymerase enzyme, and is labeled with a reporter fluorescent dye and a quencher fluorescent dye. Any laser-induced emission from the reporter dye is quenched by the quenching dye when the two dyes are located close together as they are on the probe. During the PCR amplification reaction, the Taq DNA polymerase enzyme cleaves the probe in a template-dependent manner. The resultant probe fragments disassociate in solution, and signal from the released reporter dye is free from the quenching effect of the second fluorophore. One molecule of reporter dye is liberated for each new molecule synthesized, and detection of the unquenched reporter dye provides the basis for quantitative interpretation of the data.

The 5′ nuclease procedure is run on a real-time quantitative PCR device such as the ABI Prism 7700™ Sequence Detection. The system consists of a thermocycler, laser, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and computer. The system amplifies samples in a 96-well format on a thermocycler. During amplification, laser-induced fluorescent signal is collected in real-time through fiber optics cables for all 96 wells, and detected at the CCD. The system includes software for running the instrument and for analyzing the data.

The starting material for the screen was mRNA isolated from a variety of different cancerous tissues. The mRNA is quantitated precisely, e.g., fluorometrically. As a negative control, RNA was isolated from various normal tissues of the same tissue type as the cancerous tissues being tested.

5′ nuclease assay data are initially expressed as Ct, or the threshold cycle. This is defined as the cycle at which the reporter signal accumulates above the background level of fluorescence. The ΔCt values are used as quantitative measurement of the relative number of starting copies of a particular target sequence in a nucleic acid sample when comparing cancer mRNA results to normal human mRNA results. As one Ct unit corresponds to 1 PCR cycle or approximately a 2-fold relative increase relative to normal, two units corresponds to a 4-fold relative increase, 3 units corresponds to an 8-fold relative increase and so on, one can quantitatively measure the relative fold increase in mRNA expression between two or more different tissues. Using this technique, the molecules have been identified as being significantly overexpressed in a particular tumor(s) as compared to their normal non-cancerous counterpart tissue(s) (from both the same and different tissue donors) and thus, represent excellent polypeptide targets for the diagnosis and therapy of cancer in mammals. Specific results for a UNQ gene are disclosed in Example 41.

Example 50 In Situ Hybridization

In situ hybridization is a powerful and versatile technique for the detection and localization of nucleic acid sequences within cell or tissue preparations. It may be useful, for example, to identify sites of gene expression, analyze the tissue distribution of transcription, identify and localize viral infection, follow changes in specific mRNA synthesis and aid in chromosome mapping.

In situ hybridization was performed following an optimized version of the protocol by Lu and Gillett, Cell Vision 1:169-176 (1994), using PCR-generated ³³P-labeled riboprobes. Briefly, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tissues were sectioned, deparaffinized, deproteinated in proteinase K (20 g/ml) for 15 minutes at 37° C., and further processed for in situ hybridization as described by Lu and Gillett, supra. A [³³-P] UTP-labeled antisense riboprobe was generated from a PCR product and hybridized at 55° C. overnight. The slides were dipped in Kodak NTB2 nuclear track emulsion and exposed for 4 weeks.

³³P-Riboprobe Synthesis

6.0 μl (125 mCi) of ³³P-UTP (Amersham BF 1002, SA<2000 Ci/mmol) were speed vac dried. To each tube containing dried ³³P-UTP, the following ingredients were added:

2.0 μl 5× transcription buffer

1.0 μl DTT (100 mM)

2.0 μl NTP mix (2.5 mM: 10μ; each of 10 mM GTP, CTP & ATP+10 μl H₂O)

1.0 μl UTP (50 μM)

1.0 μl Rnasin

1.0 μl DNA template (1 μg)

1.0 μl H₂O

1.0 μl RNA polymerase (for PCR products T3=AS, T7=S, usually)

The tubes were incubated at 37° C. for one hour. 1.0 μl RQ1 DNase were added, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 15 minutes. 90 μl TE (10 mM Tris pH 7.6/1 mM EDTA pH 8.0) were added, and the mixture was pipetted onto DE81 paper. The remaining solution was loaded in a Microcon-50 ultrafiltration unit, and spun using program 10 (6 minutes). The filtration unit was inverted over a second tube and spun using program 2 (3 minutes). After the final recovery spin, 100 μl TE were added. 1 μl of the final product was pipetted on DE81 paper and counted in 6 ml of Biofluor II.

The probe was run on a TBE/urea gel. 1-3 μl of the probe or 5 μl of RNA Mrk III were added to 3 μl of loading buffer. After heating on a 95° C. heat block for three minutes, the probe was immediately placed on ice. The wells of gel were flushed, the sample loaded, and run at 180-250 volts for 45 minutes. The gel was wrapped in saran wrap and exposed to XAR film with an intensifying screen in −70° C. freezer one hour to overnight.

³³P-Hybridization

A. Pretreatment of Frozen Sections

The slides were removed from the freezer, placed on aluminium trays and thawed at room temperature for 5 minutes. The trays were placed in 55° C. incubator for five minutes to reduce condensation. The slides were fixed for 10 minutes in 4% paraformaldehyde on ice in the fume hood, and washed in 0.5×SSC for 5 minutes, at room temperature (25 ml 20×SSC+975 ml SQ H₂O). After deproteination in 0.5 μg/ml proteinase K for 10 minutes at 37° C. (12.5 μl of 10 mg/ml stock in 250 ml prewarmed RNase-free RNAse buffer), the sections were washed in 0.5×SSC for 10 minutes at room temperature. The sections were dehydrated in 70%, 95%, 100% ethanol, 2 minutes each.

B. Pretreatment of Paraffin-Embedded Sections

The slides were deparaffinized, placed in SQ H₂O, and rinsed twice in 2×SSC at room temperature, for 5 minutes each time. The sections were deproteinated in 20 μg/ml proteinase K (500 μl of 10 mg/ml in 250 ml RNase-free RNase buffer; 37° C., 15 minutes)-human embryo, or 8× proteinase K (100 μl in 250 ml RNase buffer, 37° C., 30 minutes)−formalin tissues. Subsequent rinsing in 0.5×SSC and dehydration were performed as described above.

C. Prehybridization

The slides were laid out in a plastic box lined with Box buffer (4×SSC, 50% formamide)—saturated filter paper.

D. Hybridization

1.0×10⁶ cpm probe and 1.0 μl tRNA (50 mg/ml stock) per slide were heated at 95° C. for 3 minutes. The slides were cooled on ice, and 48 μl hybridization buffer were added per slide. After vortexing, 50 μl ³³P mix were added to 50 μl prehybridization on slide. The slides were incubated overnight at 55° C.

E. Washes

Washing was done 2×10 minutes with 2×SSC, EDTA at room temperature (400 ml 20×SSC+16 ml 0.25M EDTA, V_(f)=4L), followed by RNaseA treatment at 37° C. for 30 minutes (500 μl of 10 mg/ml in 250 ml Rnase buffer=20 μg/ml), The slides were washed 2×10 minutes with 2×SSC, EDTA at room temperature. The stringency wash conditions were as follows: 2 hours at 55° C., 0.1×SSC, EDTA (20 ml 20×SSC+16 ml EDTA, V_(f)=4L).

F. Oligonucleotides

In situ analysis was performed on a variety of DNA sequences disclosed herein. The oligonucleotides employed for these analyses were obtained so as to be complementary to the nucleic acids (or the complements thereof) as shown in the accompanying figures.

G. Results

In situ analysis was performed on a variety of DNA sequences disclosed herein the results of which are disclosed in Example 41.

Example 51 Preparation of Antibodies that Bind PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370

This example illustrates preparation of monoclonal antibodies which can specifically bind PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370.

Techniques for producing the monoclonal antibodies are known in the art and are described, for instance, in Goding, supra. Immunogens that may be employed include purified PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides, fusion proteins containing PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides, and cells expressing recombinant PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides on the cell surface. Selection of the immunogen can be made by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation.

Mice, such as Balb/c, are immunized with the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 immunogen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally in an amount from 1-100 micrograms. Alternatively, the immunogen is emulsified in MPL-TDM adjuvant (Ribi Immunochemical Research, Hamilton, Mont.) and injected into the animal's hind foot pads. The immunized mice are then boosted 10 to 12 days later with additional immunogen emulsified in the selected adjuvant. Thereafter, for several weeks, the mice may also be boosted with additional immunization injections. Serum samples may be periodically obtained from the mice by retro-orbital bleeding for testing in ELISA assays to detect anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 antibodies.

After a suitable antibody titer has been detected, the animals “positive” for antibodies can be injected with a final intravenous injection of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370. Three to four days later, the mice are sacrificed and the spleen cells are harvested. The spleen cells are then fused (using 35% polyethylene glycol) to a selected murine myeloma cell line such as P3X63AgU.1, available from ATCC, No. CRL 1597. The fusions generate hybridoma cells which can then be plated in 96 well tissue culture plates containing HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine) medium to inhibit proliferation of non-fused cells, myeloma hybrids, and spleen cell hybrids.

The hybridoma cells will be screened in an ELISA for reactivity against PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370. Determination of “positive” hybridoma cells secreting the desired monoclonal antibodies against PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 is within the skill in the art.

The positive hybridoma cells can be injected intraperitoneally into syngeneic Balb/c mice to produce ascites containing the anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 monoclonal antibodies. Alternatively, the hybridoma cells can be grown in tissue culture flasks or roller bottles. Purification of the monoclonal antibodies produced in the ascites can be accomplished using ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by gel exclusion chromatography. Alternatively, affinity chromatography based upon binding of antibody to protein A or protein G can be employed.

Example 52 Purification of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 Polypeptides Using Specific Antibodies

Native or recombinant PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides may be purified by a variety of standard techniques in the art of protein purification. For example, pro-PRO194, pro-PRO220, pro-PRO241, pro-PRO284, pro-PRO331, pro-PRO354, pro-PRO355, pro-PRO533, pro-PRO541, pro-PRO725, pro-PRO937, pro-PRO1014, pro-PRO1120, pro-PRO1182, pro-PRO1325, pro-PRO1382, pro-PRO1410, pro-PRO1555, pro-PRO1556, pro-PRO1760, pro-PRO1787, pro-PRO1868, pro-PRO4326, pro-PRO4332, pro-PRO4346, pro-PRO4400, pro-PRO6003, pro-PRO6094, pro-PRO6244, pro-PRO9820, pro-PRO9828, pro-PRO10274, pro-PRO16090, pro-PRO19644, pro-PRO21340, pro-PRO92165, pro-PRO85143, pro-PRO1124, pro-PRO1026 or pro-PRO23370 polypeptide, mature PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, or pre-PRO194, pre-PRO220, pre-PRO241, pre-PRO284, pre-PRO331, pre-PRO354, pre-PRO355, pre-PRO533, pre-PRO541, pre-PRO725, pre-PRO937, pre-PRO1014, pre-PRO1120, pre-PRO1182, pre-PRO1325, pre-PRO1382, pre-PRO1410, pre-PRO1555, pre-PRO1556, pre-PRO1760, pre-PRO1787, pre-PRO1868, pre-PRO4326, pre-PRO4332, pre-PRO4346, pre-PRO4400, pre-PRO6003, pre-PRO6094, pre-PRO6244, pre-PRO9820, pre-PRO9828, pre-PRO10274, pre-PRO16090, pre-PRO19644, pre-PRO21340, pre-PRO92165, pre-PRO85143, pre-PRO1124, pre-PRO1026 or pre-PRO23370 polypeptide is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide of interest. In general, an immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling the anti-PRO194, anti-PRO220, anti-PRO241, anti-PRO284, anti-PRO331, anti-PRO354, anti-PRO355, anti-PRO533, anti-PRO541, anti-PRO725, anti-PRO937, anti-PRO1014, anti-PRO1120, anti-PRO1182, anti-PRO1325, anti-PRO1382, anti-PRO1410, anti-PRO1555, anti-PRO1556, anti-PRO1760, anti-PRO1787, anti-PRO1868, anti-PRO4326, anti-PRO4332, anti-PRO4346, anti-PRO4400, anti-PRO6003, anti-PRO6094, anti-PRO6244, anti-PRO9820, anti-PRO9828, anti-PRO10274, anti-PRO16090, anti-PRO19644, anti-PRO21340, anti-PRO92165, anti-PRO85143, anti-PRO1124, anti-PRO1026 or anti-PRO23370 polypeptide antibody to an activated chromatographic resin.

Polyclonal immunoglobulins are prepared from immune sera either by precipitation with ammonium sulfate or by purification on immobilized Protein A (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Piscataway, N.J.). Likewise, monoclonal antibodies are prepared from mouse ascites fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation or chromatography on immobilized Protein A. Partially purified immunoglobulin is covalently attached to a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated SEPHAROSE™ (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Such an immunoaffinity column is utilized in the purification of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide by preparing a fraction from cells containing PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide in a soluble form. This preparation is derived by solubilization of the whole cell or of a subcellular fraction obtained via differential centrifugation by the addition of detergent or by other methods well known in the art. Alternatively, soluble polypeptide containing a signal sequence may be secreted in useful quantity into the medium in which the cells are grown.

A soluble PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-containing preparation is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). Then, the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/PRO194, antibody/PRO220, antibody/PRO241, antibody/PRO284, antibody/PRO331, antibody/PRO354, antibody/PRO355, antibody/PRO533, antibody/PRO541, antibody/PRO725, antibody/PRO937, antibody/PRO1014, antibody/PRO1120, antibody/PRO1182, antibody/PRO1325, antibody/PRO1382, antibody/PRO1410, antibody/PRO1555, antibody/PRO1556, antibody/PRO1760, antibody/PRO1787, antibody/PRO1868, antibody/PRO4326, antibody/PRO4332, antibody/PRO4346, antibody/PRO4400, antibody/PRO6003, antibody/PRO6094, antibody/PRO6244, antibody/PRO9820, antibody/PRO9828, antibody/PRO10274, antibody/PRO16090, antibody/PRO19644, antibody/PRO21340, antibody/PRO92165, antibody/PRO85143, antibody/PRO1124, antibody/PRO1026 or antibody/PRO23370 polypeptide binding (e.g., a low pH buffer such as approximately pH 2-3, or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide is collected.

Example 53 Drug Screening

This invention is particularly useful for screening compounds by using PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptides or binding fragment thereof in any of a variety of drug screening techniques. The PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or fragment employed in such a test may either be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located intracellularly. One method of drug screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or fragment. Drugs are screened against such transformed cells in competitive binding assays. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, can be used for standard binding assays. One may measure, for example, the formation of complexes between PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or a fragment and the agent being tested. Alternatively, one can examine the diminution in complex formation between the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and its target cell or target receptors caused by the agent being tested.

Thus, the present invention provides methods of screening for drugs or any other agents which can affect a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-associated disease or disorder. These methods comprise contacting such an agent with an PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or fragment thereof and assaying (1) for the presence of a complex between the agent and the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or fragment, or (ii) for the presence of a complex between the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or fragment and the cell, by methods well known in the art. In such competitive binding assays, the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or fragment is typically labeled. After suitable incubation, free PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or fragment is separated from that present inbound form, and the amount of free or uncomplexed label is a measure of the ability of the particular agent to bind to PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or to interfere with the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide/cell complex.

Another technique for drug screening provides high throughput screening for compounds having suitable binding affinity to a polypeptide and is described in detail in WO 84/03564, published on Sep. 13, 1984. Briefly stated, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. As applied to a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, the peptide test compounds are reacted with PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide and washed. Bound PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide is detected by methods well known in the art. Purified PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques. In addition, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on the solid support.

This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide specifically compete with a test compound for binding to PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or fragments thereof. In this manner, the antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide.

Example 54 Rational Drug Design

The goal of rational drug design is to produce structural analogs of biologically active polypeptide of interest (i.e., a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide) or of small molecules with which they interact, e.g., agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors. Any of these examples can be used to fashion drugs which are more active or stable forms of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide or which enhance or interfere with the function of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide in vivo (cf., Hodgson, Bio/Technology, 9: 19-21 (1991)).

In one approach, the three-dimensional structure of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide, or of a PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-inhibitor complex, is determined by x-ray crystallography, by computer modeling or, most typically, by a combination of the two approaches. Both the shape and charges of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide must be ascertained to elucidate the structure and to determine active site(s) of the molecule. Less often, useful information regarding the structure of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be gained by modeling based on the structure of homologous proteins. In both cases, relevant structural information is used to design analogous PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide-like molecules or to identify efficient inhibitors. Useful examples of rational drug design may include molecules which have improved activity or stability as shown by Braxton and Wells, Biochemistry, 31:7796-7801 (1992) or which act as inhibitors, agonists, or antagonists of native peptides as shown by Athauda et al., J. Biochem., 113:742-746 (1993).

It is also possible to isolate a target-specific antibody, selected by functional assay, as described above, and then to solve its crystal structure. This approach, in principle, yields a pharmacore upon which subsequent drug design can be based. It is possible to bypass protein crystallography altogether by generating anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) to a functional, pharmacologically active antibody. As a mirror image of a mirror image, the binding site of the anti-ids would be expected to be an analog of the original receptor. The anti-id could then be used to identify and isolate peptides from banks of chemically or biologically produced peptides. The isolated peptides would then act as the pharmacore.

By virtue of the present invention, sufficient amounts of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide may be made available to perform such analytical studies as X-ray crystallography. In addition, knowledge of the PRO194, PRO220, PRO241, PRO284, PRO331, PRO354, PRO355, PRO533, PRO541, PRO725, PRO937, PRO1014, PRO1120, PRO1182, PRO1325, PRO1382, PRO1410, PRO1555, PRO1556, PRO1760, PRO1787, PRO1868, PRO4326, PRO4332, PRO4346, PRO4400, PRO6003, PRO6094, PRO6244, PRO9820, PRO9828, PRO10274, PRO16090, PRO19644, PRO21340, PRO92165, PRO85143, PRO1124, PRO1026 or PRO23370 polypeptide amino acid sequence provided herein will provide guidance to those employing computer modeling techniques in place of or in addition to x-ray crystallography. 

1-149. (canceled)
 150. A method of identifying an agent that modulates a phenotype associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO6003 polypeptide, the method comprising: (a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of a gene which is an ortholog of a human gene that encodes for the PRO6003 polypeptide; (b) measuring a physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal of (a); (c) comparing the measured physiological characteristic of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the physiological characteristic of the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the physiological characteristic of the wild-type animal is identified as a phenotype resulting from the gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal; (d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and (e) determining whether the test agent modulates the identified phenotype associated with gene disruption in the non-human transgenic animal.
 151. The method of claim 150, wherein the phenotype associated with the gene disruption comprises a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality.
 152. The method of claim 151, wherein the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing.
 153. The method of claim 151, wherein the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing.
 154. The method of claim 151, wherein the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing.
 155. The method of claim 151, wherein the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing.
 156. The method of claim 151, wherein the neurological disorder is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing.
 157. The method of claim 151, wherein the neurological disorder is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders.
 158. The method of claim 151, wherein the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality.
 159. The method of claim 151, wherein the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness.
 160. The method of claim 158, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa.
 161. The method of claim 158, wherein the retinal abnormality is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia.
 162. The method of claim 158, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.
 163. The method of claim 151, wherein the eye abnormality is a cataract.
 164. The method of claim 163, wherein the cataract is consistent with systemic diseases such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome.
 165. The method of claim 151, wherein the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability.
 166. The method of claim 151, wherein the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis.
 167. The method of claim 151, wherein the immunological disorders are systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjogren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barre syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation-associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.
 168. The method of claim 151, wherein said bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis.
 169. The method of claim 150, wherein the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean serum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean serum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality.
 170. A method of identifying an agent which modulates a behavior associated with a disruption of a gene which encodes for a PRO6003 polypeptide, the method comprising: (a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of a gene which is an ortholog of a human gene that encodes for a PRO6003 polypeptide; (b) observing the behavior exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal of (a); (c) comparing the observed behavior of (b) with that of a gender matched wild-type animal, wherein the observed behavior exhibited by the non-human transgenic animal that differs from the observed behavior exhibited by the wild-type animal is identified as a behavior associated with gene disruption; (d) administering a test agent to the non-human transgenic animal of (a); and (e) determining whether the agent modulates the behavior associated with gene disruption.
 171. The method of claim 170, wherein the behavior is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing.
 172. The method of claim 170, wherein the behavior is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing.
 173. The method of claim 170, wherein the behavior is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing.
 174. The method of claim 170, wherein the behavior is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing.
 175. The method of claim 170, wherein the behavior is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing.
 176. The method of claim 170, wherein the behavior is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders.
 177. A method of identifying an agent that ameliorates or modulates a neurological disorder; a cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; an eye abnormality; an immunological disorder; an oncological disorder; a bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; a lipid metabolic disorder; or a developmental abnormality associated with a disruption in a gene which encodes for a PRO6003 polypeptide, the method comprising: (a) providing a non-human transgenic animal whose genome comprises a disruption of a gene which is an ortholog of a human gene that encodes for a PRO6003 polypeptide; (b) administering a test agent to said non-human transgenic animal; and (c) determining whether said test agent ameliorates or modulates the neurological disorder; cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorder; eye abnormality; immunological disorder; oncological disorder; bone metabolic abnormality or disorder; lipid metabolic disorder; or developmental abnormality in the non-human transgenic animal.
 178. The method of claim 177, wherein the neurological disorder is an increased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing.
 179. The method of claim 177, wherein the neurological disorder is a decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing.
 180. The method of claim 177, wherein the neurological disorder is an abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing.
 181. The method of claim 177, wherein the neurological disorder is an enhanced motor coordination during inverted screen testing.
 182. The method of claim 177, wherein the neurological disorder is an impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing.
 183. The method of claim 177, wherein the neurological disorder is depression, generalized anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorder, sleep disorder, hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, hyperalgesia or sensory disorders.
 184. The method of claim 177, wherein the eye abnormality is a retinal abnormality.
 185. The method of claim 177, wherein the eye abnormality is consistent with vision problems or blindness.
 186. The method of claim 184, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinitis pigmentosa.
 187. The method of claim 184, wherein the retinal abnormality is characterized by retinal degeneration or retinal dysplasia.
 188. The method of claim 184, wherein the retinal abnormality is consistent with retinal dysplasia, various retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal graft neovascularization, corneal graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), meningioma, hemangioma, angiofibroma, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave's disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, retinal artery obstruction or occlusion; retinal degeneration causing secondary atrophy of the retinal vasculature, retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophies, Stargardt's disease, congenital stationary night blindness, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinoschisis disorders, Wagner's syndrome, Usher syndromes, Zellweger syndrome, Saldino-Mainzer syndrome, Senior-Loken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alport's syndrome, Alstrom's syndrome, Cockayne's syndrome, dysplaisa spondyloepiphysaria congentia, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hallgren syndrome, Marshall syndrome, Albers-Schnoberg disease, Refsum's disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, Alagile syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Pierre-Marie dunsdrome, Stickler syndrome, carotinemeia, cystinosis, Wolfram syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, incontinentia pigmenti, Batten's disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, homocystinuria, or mannosidosis.
 189. The method of claim 177, wherein the eye abnormality is a cataract.
 190. The method of claim 189, wherein the cataract is a systemic disease such as human Down's syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Lowe syndrome, galactosemia, Marfan syndrome, Trismoy 13-15, Alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, hypoparathroidism or Conradi syndrome.
 191. The method of claim 177, wherein the developmental abnormality comprises embryonic lethality or reduced viability.
 192. The method of claim 177, wherein the cardiovascular, endothelial or angiogenic disorders are arterial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus; papilledema; optic atrophy; atherosclerosis; angina; myocardial infarctions such as acute myocardial infarctions, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure such as congestive heart failure; hypertension; inflammatory vasculitides; Reynaud's disease and Reynaud's phenomenon; aneurysms and arterial restenosis; venous and lymphatic disorders such as thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, and lymphedema; peripheral vascular disease; cancer such as vascular tumors, e.g., hemangioma (capillary and cavernous), glomus tumors, telangiectasia, bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangioma, and lymphangiosarcoma; tumor angiogenesis; trauma such as wounds, burns, and other injured tissue, implant fixation, scarring; ischemia reperfusion injury; rheumatoid arthritis; cerebrovascular disease; renal diseases such as acute renal failure, or osteoporosis.
 193. The method of claim 177, wherein the immunological disorders are systemic lupus erythematosis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile chronic arthritis; spondyloarthropathies; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma); idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis); Sjogren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; sarcoidosis; autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria); autoimmune thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia); thyroiditis (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis); diabetes mellitus; immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis); demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barre syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis; inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease); gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and Whipple's disease; autoimmune or immune-mediated skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme and contact dermatitis, psoriasis; allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity and urticaria; immunologic diseases of the lung such as eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; or transplantation associated diseases including graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.
 194. The method of claim 177, wherein said bone metabolic abnormality or disorder is arthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis.
 195. The method of claim 177, wherein the non-human transgenic animal exhibits at least one of the following physiological characteristics compared with gender matched wild-type littermates: increased anxiety-like response during open field testing; decreased anxiety-like response during open field activity testing; hyperactivity during open field testing; hypoactivity during open field testing; increased exploratory activity during open-field testing; decreased exploratory activity during open-field testing; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including decreased ambulatory counts; abnormal circadian rhythm during home-cage activity testing including increased ambulatory counts; increased habituation response to a novel environment; increased resistance to stress induced hyperthermia; impaired motor coordination during inverted screen testing; increased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased depressive-like response during tail suspension testing; decreased startle response during prepulse inhibition testing; enhanced sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing; reduced latency to respond in hot plate testing; opthamological abnormalities; retinal depigmentation; cataracts; decreased heart rate; increased insulin sensitivity; increased mean fasting serum glucose levels; decreased mean serum glucose levels; increased mean serum cholesterol levels; increased mean serum triglyceride levels; decreased mean serum triglyceride levels; enhanced glucose tolerance; impaired glucose tolerance; decreased mean serum insulin levels; increased uric acid levels; decreased uric acid levels; decreased serum phosphate levels; increased serum phosphate levels; increased bilirubin levels; increased nitrituria; decreased mean serum albumin; liver disorders; decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells; increased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD4 cells; decreased mean percentage of CD8+ cells; decreased basophils; decreased lymphocytes; increased mean absolute monocyte count; macrocytic anemia; decreased red blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit; increased mean platelet count; decreased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG1 response to an ovalbumin challenge; decreased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum IgG2a response to an ovalbumin challenge; increased mean serum MCP-1 response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum TNF-alpha response to a LPS challenge; increased mean serum IL-6 response to a LPS challenge; increased skin fibroblast proliferation; increased hemosiderin pigment in both spleen and bone marrow; increased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; increased mean body weight; increased total tissue mass (TTM); increased lean body mass (LBM); increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); increased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); increased BMC/LBM ratio; increased bone mineral density (BMD); increased bone mineral content (BMC); increased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; increased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; decreased mean percent of total body fat and total fat mass; decreased mean body weight; decreased mean body length; decreased total tissue mass (TTM); decreased lean body mass (LBM); decreased femoral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased vertebral bone mineral density (BMD); decreased BMC/LBM ratio; decreased bone mineral density (BMD); decreased bone mineral content (BMC); decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD); decreased mean femoral midshaft cortical thickness and cross-sectional area; decreased mean vertebral trabecular bone volume, number and connectivity density; osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification; decreased intra-abdominal fat; growth retardation; development abnormalities; multi focal acute and granulomatous inflammation; male infertility; female infertility; testicular degeneration; male hypogonadism; defective or arrested spermatogenesis; decreased testicular weight; inflammatory and degenerative myopathy; alterations in pancreatic acinar cells; enlarged kidneys; kidney disorders; muscle disorders; stunted growth with general reduction in all organ size; growth retardation with reduced viability; and embryonic lethality. 